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http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract La peste noire, ou mort noire, est une pan … La peste noire, ou mort noire, est une pandémie de peste (principalement bubonique) qui a sévi au milieu du XIVe siècle (pendant le Moyen Âge). Cette pandémie touche l'Eurasie, l'Afrique du Nord et peut-être l'Afrique subsaharienne. Son nom lui a été donné par les historiens modernes ; elle n'est ni la première ni la dernière pandémie de peste, mais c'est la seule à porter ce nom. C'est aussi la première pandémie à avoir été bien décrite par les chroniqueurs de l'époque. Elle est parfois également appelée grande peste. Elle tue entre 30 et 50 % des Européens en cinq ou six ans (1347-1352), faisant environ 25 millions de victimes. Les conséquences sur la civilisation européenne sont sévères et longues, d'autant que cette première vague est considérée comme le début explosif et dévastateur de la deuxième pandémie de peste, qui dure de façon plus sporadique jusqu'au début du XIXe siècle. Cette pandémie provoque indirectement la chute de la dynastie Yuan en Chine, affecte l'Empire khmer et affaiblit encore plus ce qui reste de l'Empire byzantin, déjà moribond depuis la fin du XIe siècle et qui tombe finalement face aux Ottomans en 1453.ombe finalement face aux Ottomans en 1453. , «Чо́рна смерть» (також Чорний мор; англ. B … «Чо́рна смерть» (також Чорний мор; англ. Black death) — друга за історичним переліком пандемія чуми, занесена зі Східного Китаю, що прокотилася по Азії, Європі, частині Африки у середині XIV сторіччя (1347—1353 роки). Збудником чуми є Yersinia pestis. Як вважають, збудником «Чорної смерті» став новий варіант чумної палички — medievalis. До цього у світі був поширений інший варіант anticus, який спричинив першу пандемію чуми (чума Юстиніана). Період від 1353 року до 1894 року не входить до цієї пандемії, хоча за цей час відбувалися окремі епідемії у різних географічних регіонах. 1894 року почалася третя пандемія чуми. Загальна кількість смертей оцінюється від 75 до 200 млн. осіб. Бубонна чума є найпоширенішою клінічною формою чуми, і її не виділяють як окрему хворобу.чуми, і її не виділяють як окрему хворобу. , De Zwarte Dood is de epidemie die van 1347 … De Zwarte Dood is de epidemie die van 1347 tot 1352 in Europa woedde en vele slachtoffers maakte, soms tientallen procenten van de bevolking. De epidemie werd veroorzaakt door de pestbacterie en kostte wereldwijd tussen de 75 en 200 miljoen mensen het leven. De pestepidemie greep in de rampzalige veertiende eeuw met politieke en religieuze instabiliteit (Honderdjarige Oorlog en de Babylonische Ballingschap der pausen naar Avignon) en grondige klimaatveranderingen met misoogsten en hongersnood om zich heen.et misoogsten en hongersnood om zich heen. , La nigra morto estis epidemio de pesto -plej verŝajne Bubona pesto- en la mezepoko. Ĝia unua apero kaŭzis amasan morton en Eŭropo, inter 1347 kaj 1351. Proporcie, ĝi postulis pli da vivo ol la pli fruaj epidemioj aŭ militoj. , Czarna śmierć – termin określający jedną z … Czarna śmierć – termin określający jedną z największych epidemii w dziejach ludzkości, panującą w XIV-wiecznej Europie. Obecnie za jej przyczynę uważa się pałeczkę dżumy (Yersinia pestis), powodującą dżumę, na co wskazuje analiza DNA ofiar zarazy.Epidemia czarnej śmierci wybuchła w Azji Środkowej, być może w Chinach, skąd przez jedwabny szlak w 1346 dostała się na Krym, a stamtąd rozprzestrzeniła się na basen Morza Śródziemnego i całą Europę, roznoszona prawdopodobnie przez pchły pasożytujące na szczurach śniadych zamieszkujących ówczesne statki handlowe. Szacuje się, że zaraza spowodowała śmierć 30–60% ludności ówczesnej Europy. W wymiarze ogólnoświatowym populacja została zredukowana z 450 milionów do 350–375 milionów i potrzebowała aż 150 lat, by wrócić do stanu liczebnego sprzed pandemii. „Czarna śmierć” powracała jeszcze sporadycznie do Europy aż do dziewiętnastego stulecia. do Europy aż do dziewiętnastego stulecia. , 黑死病（英語：the Black Death）是人類歷史上最嚴重的瘟疫，于1347– … 黑死病（英語：the Black Death）是人類歷史上最嚴重的瘟疫，于1347–1353年間在欧亚非大陆上流行，是第二次鼠疫大流行的开端。一般認為，该病起源於亞洲：一說起源於中亞（天山山脉附近）、一说起源东亚（大元帝國）。1346年该病已经开始在东方流行，1347年金帳汗國可汗札尼别的蒙古军队在攻打黑海城市卡法时引发了疾病的大规模传播。此病約在14世纪40年代散佈到整個歐洲，這場瘟疫在全世界造成了大約7500萬-2亿人死亡，是人類歷史上致死人數最多的流行病；根據估計，瘟疫爆发期间的中世紀歐洲約有佔人口總数30%-60%的人死於黑死病。 黑死病剛開始被當時的作家稱作“大瘟疫（great pestilence）”、“great mortality”等等，到了16、17世纪才慢慢出现了「黑死病」之名。一般認為這個名稱是取自其中一個顯著的症狀，稱作「acral necrosis」，患者的皮膚會因為皮下出血而變黑。而黑色實際上也象徵憂鬱、哀傷與恐懼。黑死病對歐洲人口造成嚴重影響，改變歐洲的社會結構，動搖當時支配歐洲的羅馬天主教會的地位，並因此使得一些少數族群受到迫害，例如猶太人、穆斯林、外國人、乞丐以及麻风病患者。生存與否的不確定性，使得人們產生「活在當下」的一種情緒，如同薄伽丘在《十日談》之中所描繪的一般。 对于黑死病是鼠疫之说，在歷史紀錄對於黑死病的特徵紀錄中，有一些關於“淋巴腺腫”的描述，與19世紀起源於清朝云南地区的淋巴腺鼠疫相似（第三次鼠疫大流行），這使得科學家與歷史學家相信自14世紀開始的黑死病，與鼠疫相同，皆是由一種稱為鼠疫桿菌的細菌所造成。這些細菌是寄生於跳蚤身上，並藉由黑鼠（Rattus rattus）等動物來傳播。也有研究认为病源可能來自亞洲的小沙鼠。第二次鼠疫大流行時，9座城市中有7座透過人類身上衣物的跳蚤與頭蝨傳播。不過由於其他疾病也有可能產生淋巴腺腫，因此也有人提出其他不同的觀點。 第二次鼠疫大流行期间，黑死病之后，同樣的疾病多次侵襲歐洲等地，造成的死亡情形與嚴重程度各不相同，主要疫情包括1629-1631年的意大利鼠疫、1656-1658年的那不勒斯鼠疫、1665-1666年的倫敦大瘟疫、1720-1722年的馬賽大瘟疫、1772-1773年的波斯鼠疫等等。關於這些疾病的異同仍有爭議，但是其致命型態似乎於18世紀消失於歐洲，而与此同时，中国明朝末期1633年-1644年也发生了“明末大鼠疫”。此后，19世纪中期云南地区则爆发了第三次鼠疫大流行，世界范围内有超过1000万人死亡。目前普遍認為黑死病的病原体可能已经灭绝。疫大流行，世界范围内有超过1000万人死亡。目前普遍認為黑死病的病原体可能已经灭绝。 , Digerdöden, också kallad svarta döden elle … Digerdöden, också kallad svarta döden eller den stora döden, var en zoonotisk pandemisk sjukdom under medeltiden som i genomsnitt dödade var tredje person i Europa. Den allmänt accepterade teorin är att digerdöden var ett mycket omfattande utbrott av pest. Namnet "digerdöden" kommer från fornsvenskans digher som betyder ’stor’, belagt första gången på en gotländsk grav från 1300- eller 1400-talet. I andra delar av Europa benämns katastrofen ofta med en ordkombination som inkluderar ordet svart. Kanske syftade detta på någon av de fysiska förändringar som skedde efter att en person hade insjuknat – antingen på bölderna eller på fläckarna som kunde uppträda i ett senare stadium av sjukdomsförloppet. Alla de tre formerna av pest – böldpest, lungpest och blodpest – förekom under digerdöden. Dödligheten i böldpest varierade mellan 30 och 70 procent medan den vid de båda andra formerna var nära nog hundraprocentig. Detta pestutbrott började i Kina 1334 och spred sig sakta västerut via de handelsvägar som etablerats och som var en länk mellan öst och väst. År 1346 var pesten framme i Egypten och Syrien för att via Krim nå Europa. Våren 1347 anlände pesten till Konstantinopel och på hösten nådde den Messina på Sicilien, troligen tillsammans med två fartyg från Kaffa på Krim. Upp till 25 miljoner personer kan ha dött i Europa, och 75 miljoner globalt.ha dött i Europa, och 75 miljoner globalt. , Чёрная смерть (или Чёрный мор от лат. Atra … Чёрная смерть (или Чёрный мор от лат. Atra mors) — вторая в истории пандемия чумы, пик которой пришёлся на 1346—1353 годы, а повторные вспышки продолжались вплоть до XIX века. Жертвами болезни стали десятки миллионов людей: по разным оценкам, от болезни погибло от 30 % до 60 % населения Европы. По всей вероятности, пандемия началась в Центральной или Восточной Азии. Так, в 1338—1339 годах недалеко от озера Иссык-Куль на территории современной Киргизии произошёл всплеск смертей от Чёрной смерти. В Европу, по всей вероятности, чума пришла с северного побережья Каспийского моря, откуда болезнь распространилась на большую часть Евразии и Северной Африки. Инфекционным агентом была чумная палочка Yersinia pestis, что подтвердили генетические исследования останков жертв пандемии; тем не менее некоторые исследователи выдвигают альтернативные теории о природе чёрной смерти. Неэффективность средневековой медицины и религиозных институтов в борьбе с чумой способствовали возрождению языческих культов и суеверий, гонениям на потенциальных «отравителей» и «распространителей чумного яда», а также всплеску религиозного фанатизма и религиозной нетерпимости. Чёрная смерть оставила колоссальный след в истории Европы, наложив отпечаток на экономику, психологию, культуру и даже генетический состав населения.туру и даже генетический состав населения. , Peste Negra (também conhecida como Grande … Peste Negra (também conhecida como Grande Peste, Peste ou Praga) foi a pandemia mais devastadora registada na história humana, tendo resultado na morte de 75 a 200 milhões de pessoas na Eurásia, atingindo o pico na Europa entre os anos de 1347 e 1351. Acredita-se que a bactéria Yersinia pestis, que resulta em várias formas de peste (septicémica, pneumónica e, a mais comum, bubónica), tenha sido a causa. A Peste Negra foi o primeiro grande surto europeu de peste e a segunda pandemia da doença. A praga criou uma série de convulsões religiosas, sociais e económicas, com efeitos profundos no curso da história da Europa. A Peste Negra provavelmente teve a sua origem na Ásia Central ou na Ásia Oriental, de onde viajou ao longo da Rota da Seda, atingindo a Crimeia em 1343. De lá, era provavelmente transportada por pulgas que viviam nos ratos que viajavam em navios mercantes genoveses, espalhando-se por toda a bacia do Mediterrâneo, atingindo o resto da Europa através da península italiana. Estima-se que a Peste Negra tenha matado entre 30% a 60% da população da Europa. No total, censos dos últimos anos estimam que a peste pode ter reduzido a população mundial de 475 milhões para 350–375 milhões no século XIV. A população da Europa demorou cerca de 200 anos a recuperar o nível anterior e algumas regiões (como Florença) recuperaram apenas no século XIX. A peste retornou várias vezes como surtos até ao início do século XX.es como surtos até ao início do século XX. , Černá smrt, nebo první morová rána, je název pro epidemii moru, která v polovině 14. století postihla Eurasii. Šlo o smrtelnou nemoc způsobenou bakterií Yersinia pestis, která je známa i dnes. , Με τον όρο µαύρη πανώλη ή µαύρος θάνατος α … Με τον όρο µαύρη πανώλη ή µαύρος θάνατος αναφέρεται η πανδημία των ετών 1348 - 1353, η οποία θεωρείται και η πλέον πιο καταστροφική στην καταγεγραμμένη παγκόσμια ιστορία. Ο συνολικός ανθρώπινος απολογισμός της, υπολογίζεται σε 100 έως 200 εκατομμύρια νεκρούς στην Ευρώπη, στην Ασία και στη βόρεια Αφρική. Μάλιστα εκτιμάται ότι μείωσε τότε τον παγκόσμιο πληθυσμό από 450 εκατομμύρια σε 350 - 375 εκατομμύρια. Οι πρώτες επίσημες καταγραφές της πανδημίας ξεκίνησαν τον Οκτώβριο του 1347, όταν γενοβέζικα εμπορικά πλοία από το λιμάνι της Θεοδοσίας στη Μαύρη Θάλασσα, που προσέγγισαν το λιμάνι της Μεσσήνης στη Σικελία, γεμάτα ετοιμοθάνατους και νεκρούς, μετέφεραν στην Ευρώπη την ασθένεια της πανώλης. Η ασθένεια αυτή είχε δύο μορφές: τη βουβωνική (ή σηψαιμική) και την πνευμονική. Μεταδιδόταν ακαριαία και βοηθούμενη από τις κακές συνθήκες υγιεινής, την έλλειψη ιατρικών γνώσεων της εποχής και τις επακόλουθες δεισιδαιμονικές προλήψεις, στις αρχές του 1348 είχε ήδη διαδοθεί από την Ιταλία, σε όλη την κεντρική Γαλλία, μέχρι τον χειμώνα του ιδίου έτους στη νότια Αγγλία και στη συνέχεια στις Κάτω Χώρες. Συνέπεια της επιδημίας ήταν να χαθεί σχεδόν το ένα τρίτο του πληθυσμού της Ευρώπης. Η επιδημία ξαναχτύπησε και στα επόμενα χρόνια του 14ου αιώνα, με μικρά χρονικά διαλείμματα, αναιρώντας έτσι ολοκληρωτικά τη δημογραφική αύξηση που είχε σημειωθεί στα μέσα του 13ου αιώνα και ο παγκόσμιος πληθυσμός επανήλθε στα επίπεδα πριν το 1347 μόλις τον 17ο αιώνα. επίπεδα πριν το 1347 μόλις τον 17ο αιώνα. , The Black Death (also known as the Pestile … The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the deaths of 75–200 million people, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis spread by fleas, but it can also take a secondary form where it is spread by person-to-person contact via aerosols causing septicaemic or pneumonic plagues. The Black Death was the beginning of the second plague pandemic. The plague created religious, social and economic upheavals, with profound effects on the course of European history. The origin of the Black Death is disputed. The pandemic originated either in Central Asia or East Asia before spreading to Crimea with the Golden Horde army of Jani Beg as he was besieging the Genoese trading port of Kaffa in Crimea (1347). From Crimea, it was most likely carried by fleas living on the black rats that travelled on Genoese ships, spreading through the Mediterranean Basin and reaching North Africa, Western Asia, and the rest of Europe via Constantinople, Sicily, and the Italian Peninsula. There is evidence that once it came ashore, the Black Death mainly spread person-to-person as pneumonic plague, thus explaining the quick inland spread of the epidemic, which was faster than would be expected if the primary vector was rat fleas causing bubonic plague. In 2022, it was discovered that there was a sudden surge of deaths in what is today Kyrgyzstan from the Black Death in the late 1330s; when combined with genetic evidence, this implies that the initial spread may not have been due to Mongol conquests in the 14th century, as previously speculated. The Black Death was the second great natural disaster to strike Europe during the Late Middle Ages (the first one being the Great Famine of 1315–1317) and is estimated to have killed 30 percent to 60 percent of the European population, as well as about one-third of the population of the Middle East. The plague might have reduced the world population from c. 475 million to 350–375 million in the 14th century. There were further outbreaks throughout the Late Middle Ages and, with other contributing factors (the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages), the European population did not regain its level in 1300 until 1500. Outbreaks of the plague recurred around the world until the early 19th century.nd the world until the early 19th century. , 黒死病（こくしびょう　英:Black Death）とは、1346年から1353年にか … 黒死病（こくしびょう　英:Black Death）とは、1346年から1353年にかけてアフロ・ユーラシア大陸でパンデミックを起こした腺ペストの俗称である。「黒死病」という名の由来は、症状が進行すると敗血症による皮膚の出血斑で体が黒ずんで見え、発病から2-3日で死亡してしまったためだと考えられている。 ユーラシアと北アフリカで7500万-2億人が死亡した、人類史上最も死亡者が多いパンデミックとして記録されており、ヨーロッパでは1347年から1351年にかけてピークに達した。腺ペストはペスト菌によって引き起こされる病気で、敗血症ペストや肺ペストをも引き起こす場合がある。 黒死病はペスト第二のパンデミックの始まりとされている。この疫病は宗教的、社会的、経済的な大混乱を引き起こし、ヨーロッパ史に大きな影響を及ぼした。 黒死病の起源については議論が続いている。このパンデミックは中央アジアまたは東アジアが端緒とされているが、欧州地域で最初となる決定的な発現は1347年のクリミア半島だった。クリミアからは、ジェノヴァ共和国の奴隷船に乗って移動したクマネズミに寄生するノミによって運ばれた可能性が最も高く、地中海沿岸を越えて蔓延し、コンスタンティノープル、シチリア島、イタリア半島を経由してアフリカ、西アジア、他の欧州地域へと広がっていった。 上陸後は黒死病の大部分がノミ（これが肺ペストを引き起こす）と、肺ペストに可能なエアロゾルを介したヒトからヒトへの感染によって蔓延したという証拠があり、流行感染が非常に速いスピードで内陸に広がったことを説明している。。 中世後期にヨーロッパを襲った2番目に大きな自然災害が黒死病 （第1位は1315年-1317年の大飢饉）であり、欧州人口の30-60%が死亡したと推定されている。この疫病が、14世紀に世界人口を約4億7500万人から3.5-3.75億人へと減少させた可能性がある。中世後期を通して追加の感染爆発があり、他の要因も相まって、1500年まで欧州の人口は1300年の段階へと回復することがなかった 19世紀初頭までペストの感染爆発が世界中で巻き起こった。へと回復することがなかった 19世紀初頭までペストの感染爆発が世界中で巻き起こった。 , يستخدم مصطلح الطاعون الأسود أو الموت الأسو … يستخدم مصطلح الطاعون الأسود أو الموت الأسود، للإشارة إلى وباء الطاعون الذي اجتاح أنحاء أوروبا بين عامي 1347 و1352م وتسبب في موت ما لا يقل عن ثلث سكان القارة. انتشرت أوبئة مشابهة في نفس الوقت في آسيا والشرق الأوسط، مما يوحي بأن هذا الوباء الأوروبي كان جزءاً من وباء عالمي أوسع نطاقاً. المسبب للطاعون وأعراضه بصفة عامة يرسينيةُ الطاعونية، وهي بكتيريا تعيش في أجسام القوارض الارضية (فصيلة bobac متنوعة الغرير).قوارض الارضية (فصيلة bobac متنوعة الغرير). , Als Schwarzer Tod wird eine der verheerend … Als Schwarzer Tod wird eine der verheerendsten Pandemien der Weltgeschichte bezeichnet, die in Europa zwischen 1346 und 1353 geschätzt 25 Millionen Todesopfer – ein Drittel der damaligen Bevölkerung – forderte. Als Ursache gilt die durch das Bakterium Yersinia pestis hervorgerufene Pest.Einige Autoren erweitern den Begriff Black Death (Schwarzer Tod) auf viele der in der Neuzeit nach dem Spätmittelalter aufgetretenen lokalen Krankheitsausbrüche. Bei genetischen Untersuchungen des Krankheitserregers hat sich nämlich ergeben, dass die meisten Subtypen von Yersinia pestis in einen einzigen Stammbaum integriert werden können. Die Pandemie trat nach heutigem Wissensstand zuerst in Zentralasien auf und gelangte über die Handelsrouten (unter anderem über die Seidenstraße) nach Europa. Aus dem östlichen Mittelmeerraum verbreitete sich die Krankheit wahrscheinlich über Rattenflöhe in das restliche Europa, jedoch blieben einige Landstriche relativ verschont. Für das Gebiet des heutigen Deutschland wird geschätzt, dass jeder zehnte Einwohner während dieser Pandemie starb. Bremen, Hamburg, Köln und Nürnberg zählten dabei zu den Städten, in denen ein sehr hoher Bevölkerungsanteil starb. Sehr viel geringer war dagegen die Sterberate im östlichen Gebiet des heutigen Deutschland. Die sozialen Auswirkungen des Schwarzen Todes reichten sehr weit. Den Juden wurde vorgeworfen, durch Giftmischerei und Brunnenvergiftung die Pandemie verursacht zu haben. Dies führte in vielen Teilen Europas zu Judenpogromen und der Auslöschung jüdischer Gemeinden.n und der Auslöschung jüdischer Gemeinden. , La peste nera fu una pandemia, quasi sicur … La peste nera fu una pandemia, quasi sicuramente di peste, generatasi in Asia centrale settentrionale durante gli anni trenta del XIV secolo e diffusasi in Europa a partire dal 1346, dando origine alla cosiddetta seconda pandemia di peste. Si diffuse in fasi successive dall'altopiano della Mongolia, prima attraverso la Cina e la Siria e poi alla Turchia asiatica ed europea, per poi raggiungere la Grecia, l'Egitto e la penisola balcanica. Nel 1347 arrivò in Sicilia e da lì a Genova; nel 1348 aveva infettato la Svizzera, tranne il Cantone dei Grigioni, e tutta la penisola italiana, risparmiando parzialmente il territorio del Ducato di Milano. Dalla Svizzera si allargò quindi alla Francia e alla Spagna; nel 1349 raggiunse l'Inghilterra, la Scozia e l'Irlanda; nel 1353, dopo aver infettato tutta l'Europa, i focolai della malattia si ridussero fino a scomparire. Secondo studi moderni, la peste nera uccise almeno un terzo della popolazione del continente, provocando verosimilmente quasi 20 milioni di vittime. La quasi unanimità degli studiosi identifica la peste nera come un'infezione sostenuta da Yersinia pestis, batterio isolato nel 1894 e che si trasmette generalmente dai ratti agli uomini per mezzo delle pulci. Se non trattata adeguatamente, e nel XIV secolo non era conosciuto alcun modo per farlo, la malattia risulta letale dal 50% alla quasi totalità dei casi a seconda della forma con cui si manifesta: bubbonica, setticemica o polmonare. Oltre alle devastanti conseguenze demografiche, la peste nera ebbe un forte impatto nella società del tempo. La popolazione in cerca di spiegazioni e rimedi arrivò talvolta a ritenere responsabili del contagio gli ebrei, dando luogo a persecuzioni e uccisioni; molti attribuirono l'epidemia alla volontà di Dio e di conseguenza nacquero diversi movimenti religiosi, tra cui uno dei più celebri fu quello dei flagellanti. Anche la cultura fu notevolmente influenzata: Giovanni Boccaccio utilizzò come narratori nel suo Decameron dieci giovani fiorentini fuggiti dalla loro città appestata; in pittura, il soggetto della "danza macabra" fu un tema ricorrente delle rappresentazioni artistiche del secolo successivo. Terminata la grande epidemia, la peste continuò comunque a flagellare la popolazione europea, seppur con minor intensità, a cadenza quasi costante nei secoli successivi.enza quasi costante nei secoli successivi. , La peste negra o muerte negra fue la pande … La peste negra o muerte negra fue la pandemia de peste bubónica más devastadora de la historia de la humanidad, que afectó a Eurasia en el siglo XIV y que alcanzó un punto máximo entre 1347 y 1353.​ Es difícil conocer el número de fallecidos, pero modelos contemporáneos los calculan entre 80 a 200 millones en Eurasia y África del Norte. Habría provocado la muerte de entre el 30 % y el 60 % de la población de Europa, siendo un tercio una estimación muy optimista. La teoría aceptada sobre el origen de la peste explica que fue un brote causado por una variante de la bacteria Yersinia pestis.​​​ Es común que la palabra «peste» se utilice como sinónimo de «muerte negra», aun cuando aquella deriva del latín «pestis», es decir, «enfermedad» o «epidemia», y no del agente patógeno. De acuerdo con el conocimiento contemporáneo, la pandemia irrumpió en primer lugar en Asia, para después llegar a Europa a través de las rutas comerciales. Introducida por marinos, la epidemia dio comienzo en Mesina, actual Italia. Mientras que algunas áreas quedaron despobladas, otras estuvieron libres de la enfermedad o solo fueron ligeramente afectadas. En Florencia, solamente un quinto de sus pobladores sobrevivió. En el territorio actual de Alemania, se estima que uno de cada diez habitantes perdió la vida a causa de la peste negra. Hamburgo, Colonia y Bremen fueron las ciudades en donde una mayor proporción de la población murió. En cambio, el número de muertes en el este de Alemania fue mucho menor. Según las opiniones de la época, se habría tratado de «un acto de Dios».​ Las consecuencias sociales de la muerte negra llegaron muy lejos; rápidamente se acusó a los judíos como los causantes de la epidemia por medio de la intoxicación y el envenenamiento de pozos. En consecuencia, en muchos lugares de Europa se iniciaron pogromos judíos y una extinción local de comunidades judías. Aun cuando líderes espirituales o seculares trataron de impedir esta situación, la falta de autoridad debida a la agitación social, que a su vez era consecuencia de la gravedad de la epidemia, generalmente no les permitía a aquellos tener éxito.​e no les permitía a aquellos tener éxito.​ , 흑사병(黑死病, 영어: Black Death, Pestilence, Grea … 흑사병(黑死病, 영어: Black Death, Pestilence, Great Plague, Plague, Black Plague)은 14세기 유럽에서 7,500만~2억 명의 목숨을 앗아간 인류사상 최악의 범유행이다. 흑사병 병원균에 관한 많은 이설이 있었으나 2010년~2011년 남유럽인들을 대상으로 수행한 DNA 분석 결과 페스트의 병원균인 페스트균이 병원균으로 밝혀졌다. 흑사병은 중앙아시아의 건조한 평원지대에서 시작되어 비단길을 따라 서쪽으로 이동해 1343년경 크림반도에 닿았다. 거기서부터 화물선에 들끓던 검은쥐에 기생하던 을 기주(중간 숙주)로 하여 지중해 해운망을 따라 유럽 전역으로 퍼져나갔다. 이때 흑사병으로 유럽 총 인구의 30~60%가 목숨을 잃었다. 흑사병 이전의 세계 인구는 4억 5천만 명 정도로 추산되는데, 14세기를 거치며 3억 5천만 명~3억 7,500만 명 정도로 거의 1억 명이 줄었다. 흑사병으로 인해 줄어든 세계 인구는 17세기가 되어서야 이전 수준까지 회복될 수 있었다. 그 뒤로도 19세기까지 유럽에서는 페스트가 산발적으로 유행했는데(런던 대역병 등), 흑사병의 병원체를 페스트균으로 확정한다면 흑사병이란 1345년에서 1840년까지 유라시아 대륙에서 계속된 제2차 페스트 범유행의 일부로서 14세기 유럽의 범유행 상황을 가리키는 말이라고 할 수 있다. 14세기 페스트 유행은 유럽사에서 종교사, 사회사, 경제사에 큰 영향을 미쳤다.세기 페스트 유행은 유럽사에서 종교사, 사회사, 경제사에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. , B'ionann an Phlá Mhór nó an Galar Dubh agu … B'ionann an Phlá Mhór nó an Galar Dubh agus galar marfach a scaip go rábach ón Áise ar fud na hEorpa san 14ú haois (1347-1351). Meastar go bhfuair 25 milliún duine bás san Eoraip dá barr, timpeall trian den daonra iomlán. Dreancaidí galraithe ar fhrancaigh ba chúis leis an nGalar Dubh »»»» Francaigh a bhí galraithe le bachaillíní an ghalair a scaip an phlá i measc na ndaoine agus d'at na nóid limfeacha.sc na ndaoine agus d'at na nóid limfeacha. , La Pesta Negra fou una pandèmia, molt prob … La Pesta Negra fou una pandèmia, molt probablement de pesta, que possiblement s'originà el 1346 al nord de la Xina i, a través de Síria, s'estengué successivament per Anatòlia i Tràcia fins a arribar a Grècia, Egipte i els Balcans. El 1347 arribà a Sicília i des d'allà passà a Gènova; el 1348 havia infectat Suïssa (excepte els Grisons) i tota la península Itàlica, on només el territori del Ducat de Milà en fou parcialment estalviat. Des de Suïssa s'estengué a França i la península Ibèrica i el 1349 arribà a les Illes Britàniques. El 1353, després d'haver infectat tot Europa, els focus de la malaltia es reduïren fins a desaparèixer. Segons estudis moderns, la Pesta Negra matà com a mínim un terç de la població del continent, és a dir, gairebé 20 milions de persones. El juny de 2022 es publicà a la revista Nature els resultats de la investigació d'un equip multidiscilplinari internacional format per investigadors dels instituts Max Planck d'Antropologia Evolutiva i de Ciència de la Història Humana, a Alemanya, i de la Universitat de Stirling, al Regne Unit que, desafiant la teoria tradicional de l'origen xinès de la pandèmia, situen els orígens d'aquesta en l'actual Kirguizistan. Gairebé tots els estudiosos estan d'acord que la Pesta Negra era una infecció provocada per Yersinia pestis, un bacteri aïllat el 1894, que generalment es transmet de les rates als éssers humans a través de les puces. Sense tractament adequat (que no existia al segle xiv), la malaltia té una taxa de mortalitat que va des d'un 50% fins a gairebé el 100% segons la forma que prengui: bubònica, septicèmica o pneumònica. A més de les seves conseqüències devastadores sobre la demografia del continent, la Pesta Negra tingué un fort impacte sobre la societat d'aquella època. A la cerca d'explicacions i remeis, algunes poblacions arribaren a culpar-ne els jueus, que foren l'objecte de persecucions i massacres. Molta gent atribuí l'epidèmia a la voluntat de Déu, fet que contribuí al naixement de diversos moviments religiosos, entre els quals destaquen els flagel·lants. La pesta també influí significativament en la cultura. En el seu Decameró, Giovanni Boccaccio utilitzà joves florentins que havien fugit de la ciutat empestada com a narradors. La «Dansa de la Mort» fou un tema recurrent en les representacions artístiques del segle següent. Fins i tot després del final de la gran epidèmia, la pesta continuà assotant la població europea amb una menor intensitat i una freqüència gairebé constant al llarg dels segles posteriors. constant al llarg dels segles posteriors. , Izurri Beltza, Izurrite Beltza, Heriotza B … Izurri Beltza, Izurrite Beltza, Heriotza Beltza, Izurri Handia edo Izurri Buboniko Handia gizateriaren historian jasotako pandemiarik hilgarriena izan zen. Europan 1347 eta 1351 artean izan zuen bere une gorena eta Eurasian 75 eta 200 milioi pertsona artean hil zituela kalkulatzen da. Zientzialari gehienen ustetan, Izurri Beltza izurri bubonikoaren agerraldia izan zen, historian zehar zenbait alditan izan den epidemia dena. Yersinia pestis izeneko bakteriak sortu zuen, arratoi beltzak (Rattus rattus) zeramatzan arkakusoen bidez zabalduta. Izurriteak hainbat nahasmendu erlijioso, sozial eta ekonomiko sortu zituen, eta eragin sakonak izan zituen Europako historian. Izurri Beltza, ziur aski, Erdialdeko Asian edo Ekialdeko Asian sortu zen, Issyk-Kul lakuaren inguruetatik (gaur egun, Kirgistanen), eta Zetaren Bidean zehar zabaldu zen: adibidez, Krimeara 1343an iritsi zen. Handik, litekeena da Genovako merkataritza ontzietan zihoazen arratoi beltzetan bizi ziren arkakusoek garraiatua izatea, Mediterraneoko arro osoan barrena. Kalkuluen arabera, izurri beltzak Europako biztanleriaren % 30 eta % 60 artean hil zuen. Guztira, izurriteak munduko populazioa 475 milioitik 350-375 milioira murriztu bide zuen XIV. mendean. Europako populazioak 200 urte behar izan zituen aurreko kopurua berreskuratzeko, eta eskualde batzuetan (Florentzian, esaterako) XIX. mendea arte ez zen hori jazo. Izurritearen agerraldiak XX. mendearen hasierara arte berriz gertatu ziren.earen hasierara arte berriz gertatu ziren. , Maut Hitam, disebut juga Wabah Hitam (baha … Maut Hitam, disebut juga Wabah Hitam (bahasa Inggris: Black Death), adalah suatu pandemi hebat yang pertama kali melanda Eropa pada pertengahan hingga akhir abad ke-14 (1347–1351) dan membunuh sepertiga hingga dua pertiga populasi Eropa. Pada saat yang hampir bersamaan, terjadi pula epidemi di sebagian besar Asia dan Timur Tengah, yang menunjukkan bahwa peristiwa di Eropa sebenarnya merupakan bagian dari pandemi multiregional. Jika termasuk Timur Tengah, India, dan Tiongkok, Maut Hitam telah merenggut sedikitnya 75 juta nyawa. Penyakit yang sama diduga kembali melanda Eropa pada setiap generasi dengan perbedaan intensitas dan tingkat fatalitas yang berbeda hingga tahun 1700-an. Beberapa wabah penting yang muncul kemudian antara lain Wabah Italia (1629–1631), Wabah Besar London (1665–1666), Wabah Besar Wina (1679), Wabah Besar Marseille (1720 –1722), serta wabah pada tahun 1771 di Moskwa. Penyakit ini berhasil dimusnahkan di Eropa pada awal abad ke-19, tetapi masih berlanjut di bagian lain dunia, seperti (Afrika Tengah dan Oriental, Madagaskar, Asia, beberapa bagian Amerika Selatan). Maut Hitam mengubah populasi Eropa serta mengubah struktur sosial Eropa secara drastis. Wabah ini mengakibatkan perburuan dan pembunuhan terhadap kaum minoritas seperti Yahudi, pendatang, pengemis, serta penderita lepra. Ketidakpastian untuk tetap bertahan hidup menciptakan suatu kecenderungan yang tak sehat pada masyarakat untuk hidup hanya untuk hari ini, seperti digambarkan oleh Giovanni Boccaccio pada (1353).arkan oleh Giovanni Boccaccio pada (1353).
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http://dbpedia.org/property/alt The spread of the Black Death in Europe and the Near East
http://dbpedia.org/property/caption The Oriental rat flea engorged with blood … The Oriental rat flea engorged with blood. This species of flea is the primary vector for the transmission of Yersinia pestis, the organism responsible for spreading bubonic plague in most plague epidemics. Both male and female fleas feed on blood and can transmit the infection.d on blood and can transmit the infection. , Oriental rat flea infected with the Yersi … Oriental rat flea infected with the Yersinia pestis bacterium which appears as a dark mass in the gut. The foregut of this flea is blocked by a Y. pestis biofilm; when the flea feeds on an uninfected host Y. pestis is regurgitated into the wound, causing infection.gitated into the wound, causing infection. , The spread of the Black Death in Europe, North Africa, and the Near East
http://dbpedia.org/property/date April 2020 , 1346
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http://dbpedia.org/property/location Eurasia and North Africa
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http://dbpedia.org/property/quote The seventh year after it began, it came t … The seventh year after it began, it came to England and first began in the towns and ports joining on the seacoasts, in Dorsetshire, where, as in other counties, it made the country quite void of inhabitants so that there were almost none left alive.... But at length it came to Gloucester, yea even to Oxford and to London, and finally it spread over all England and so wasted the people that scarce the tenth person of any sort was left alive.e tenth person of any sort was left alive.
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http://dbpedia.org/property/source Geoffrey the Baker, Chronicon Angliae
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rdfs:comment La nigra morto estis epidemio de pesto -plej verŝajne Bubona pesto- en la mezepoko. Ĝia unua apero kaŭzis amasan morton en Eŭropo, inter 1347 kaj 1351. Proporcie, ĝi postulis pli da vivo ol la pli fruaj epidemioj aŭ militoj. , Με τον όρο µαύρη πανώλη ή µαύρος θάνατος α … Με τον όρο µαύρη πανώλη ή µαύρος θάνατος αναφέρεται η πανδημία των ετών 1348 - 1353, η οποία θεωρείται και η πλέον πιο καταστροφική στην καταγεγραμμένη παγκόσμια ιστορία. Ο συνολικός ανθρώπινος απολογισμός της, υπολογίζεται σε 100 έως 200 εκατομμύρια νεκρούς στην Ευρώπη, στην Ασία και στη βόρεια Αφρική. Μάλιστα εκτιμάται ότι μείωσε τότε τον παγκόσμιο πληθυσμό από 450 εκατομμύρια σε 350 - 375 εκατομμύρια. 450 εκατομμύρια σε 350 - 375 εκατομμύρια. , La peste negra o muerte negra fue la pande … La peste negra o muerte negra fue la pandemia de peste bubónica más devastadora de la historia de la humanidad, que afectó a Eurasia en el siglo XIV y que alcanzó un punto máximo entre 1347 y 1353.​ Es difícil conocer el número de fallecidos, pero modelos contemporáneos los calculan entre 80 a 200 millones en Eurasia y África del Norte. Habría provocado la muerte de entre el 30 % y el 60 % de la población de Europa, siendo un tercio una estimación muy optimista. La teoría aceptada sobre el origen de la peste explica que fue un brote causado por una variante de la bacteria Yersinia pestis.​​​ Es común que la palabra «peste» se utilice como sinónimo de «muerte negra», aun cuando aquella deriva del latín «pestis», es decir, «enfermedad» o «epidemia», y no del agente patógeno.d» o «epidemia», y no del agente patógeno. , B'ionann an Phlá Mhór nó an Galar Dubh agu … B'ionann an Phlá Mhór nó an Galar Dubh agus galar marfach a scaip go rábach ón Áise ar fud na hEorpa san 14ú haois (1347-1351). Meastar go bhfuair 25 milliún duine bás san Eoraip dá barr, timpeall trian den daonra iomlán. Dreancaidí galraithe ar fhrancaigh ba chúis leis an nGalar Dubh »»»» Francaigh a bhí galraithe le bachaillíní an ghalair a scaip an phlá i measc na ndaoine agus d'at na nóid limfeacha.sc na ndaoine agus d'at na nóid limfeacha. , The Black Death (also known as the Pestile … The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the deaths of 75–200 million people, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis spread by fleas, but it can also take a secondary form where it is spread by person-to-person contact via aerosols causing septicaemic or pneumonic plagues. causing septicaemic or pneumonic plagues. , يستخدم مصطلح الطاعون الأسود أو الموت الأسو … يستخدم مصطلح الطاعون الأسود أو الموت الأسود، للإشارة إلى وباء الطاعون الذي اجتاح أنحاء أوروبا بين عامي 1347 و1352م وتسبب في موت ما لا يقل عن ثلث سكان القارة. انتشرت أوبئة مشابهة في نفس الوقت في آسيا والشرق الأوسط، مما يوحي بأن هذا الوباء الأوروبي كان جزءاً من وباء عالمي أوسع نطاقاً. المسبب للطاعون وأعراضه بصفة عامة يرسينيةُ الطاعونية، وهي بكتيريا تعيش في أجسام القوارض الارضية (فصيلة bobac متنوعة الغرير).قوارض الارضية (فصيلة bobac متنوعة الغرير). , La peste noire, ou mort noire, est une pan … La peste noire, ou mort noire, est une pandémie de peste (principalement bubonique) qui a sévi au milieu du XIVe siècle (pendant le Moyen Âge). Cette pandémie touche l'Eurasie, l'Afrique du Nord et peut-être l'Afrique subsaharienne. Son nom lui a été donné par les historiens modernes ; elle n'est ni la première ni la dernière pandémie de peste, mais c'est la seule à porter ce nom. C'est aussi la première pandémie à avoir été bien décrite par les chroniqueurs de l'époque. Elle est parfois également appelée grande peste.st parfois également appelée grande peste. , Černá smrt, nebo první morová rána, je název pro epidemii moru, která v polovině 14. století postihla Eurasii. Šlo o smrtelnou nemoc způsobenou bakterií Yersinia pestis, která je známa i dnes. , 黒死病（こくしびょう　英:Black Death）とは、1346年から1353年にか … 黒死病（こくしびょう　英:Black Death）とは、1346年から1353年にかけてアフロ・ユーラシア大陸でパンデミックを起こした腺ペストの俗称である。「黒死病」という名の由来は、症状が進行すると敗血症による皮膚の出血斑で体が黒ずんで見え、発病から2-3日で死亡してしまったためだと考えられている。 ユーラシアと北アフリカで7500万-2億人が死亡した、人類史上最も死亡者が多いパンデミックとして記録されており、ヨーロッパでは1347年から1351年にかけてピークに達した。腺ペストはペスト菌によって引き起こされる病気で、敗血症ペストや肺ペストをも引き起こす場合がある。 黒死病はペスト第二のパンデミックの始まりとされている。この疫病は宗教的、社会的、経済的な大混乱を引き起こし、ヨーロッパ史に大きな影響を及ぼした。 中世後期にヨーロッパを襲った2番目に大きな自然災害が黒死病 （第1位は1315年-1317年の大飢饉）であり、欧州人口の30-60%が死亡したと推定されている。この疫病が、14世紀に世界人口を約4億7500万人から3.5-3.75億人へと減少させた可能性がある。中世後期を通して追加の感染爆発があり、他の要因も相まって、1500年まで欧州の人口は1300年の段階へと回復することがなかった 19世紀初頭までペストの感染爆発が世界中で巻き起こった。へと回復することがなかった 19世紀初頭までペストの感染爆発が世界中で巻き起こった。 , «Чо́рна смерть» (також Чорний мор; англ. B … «Чо́рна смерть» (також Чорний мор; англ. Black death) — друга за історичним переліком пандемія чуми, занесена зі Східного Китаю, що прокотилася по Азії, Європі, частині Африки у середині XIV сторіччя (1347—1353 роки). Збудником чуми є Yersinia pestis. Як вважають, збудником «Чорної смерті» став новий варіант чумної палички — medievalis. До цього у світі був поширений інший варіант anticus, який спричинив першу пандемію чуми (чума Юстиніана). Період від 1353 року до 1894 року не входить до цієї пандемії, хоча за цей час відбувалися окремі епідемії у різних географічних регіонах. 1894 року почалася третя пандемія чуми. Загальна кількість смертей оцінюється від 75 до 200 млн. осіб.мертей оцінюється від 75 до 200 млн. осіб. , La peste nera fu una pandemia, quasi sicur … La peste nera fu una pandemia, quasi sicuramente di peste, generatasi in Asia centrale settentrionale durante gli anni trenta del XIV secolo e diffusasi in Europa a partire dal 1346, dando origine alla cosiddetta seconda pandemia di peste. Terminata la grande epidemia, la peste continuò comunque a flagellare la popolazione europea, seppur con minor intensità, a cadenza quasi costante nei secoli successivi.enza quasi costante nei secoli successivi. , 흑사병(黑死病, 영어: Black Death, Pestilence, Grea … 흑사병(黑死病, 영어: Black Death, Pestilence, Great Plague, Plague, Black Plague)은 14세기 유럽에서 7,500만~2억 명의 목숨을 앗아간 인류사상 최악의 범유행이다. 흑사병 병원균에 관한 많은 이설이 있었으나 2010년~2011년 남유럽인들을 대상으로 수행한 DNA 분석 결과 페스트의 병원균인 페스트균이 병원균으로 밝혀졌다. 흑사병은 중앙아시아의 건조한 평원지대에서 시작되어 비단길을 따라 서쪽으로 이동해 1343년경 크림반도에 닿았다. 거기서부터 화물선에 들끓던 검은쥐에 기생하던 을 기주(중간 숙주)로 하여 지중해 해운망을 따라 유럽 전역으로 퍼져나갔다. 이때 흑사병으로 유럽 총 인구의 30~60%가 목숨을 잃었다. 흑사병 이전의 세계 인구는 4억 5천만 명 정도로 추산되는데, 14세기를 거치며 3억 5천만 명~3억 7,500만 명 정도로 거의 1억 명이 줄었다. 흑사병으로 인해 줄어든 세계 인구는 17세기가 되어서야 이전 수준까지 회복될 수 있었다. 14세기 페스트 유행은 유럽사에서 종교사, 사회사, 경제사에 큰 영향을 미쳤다.세기 페스트 유행은 유럽사에서 종교사, 사회사, 경제사에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. , Izurri Beltza, Izurrite Beltza, Heriotza B … Izurri Beltza, Izurrite Beltza, Heriotza Beltza, Izurri Handia edo Izurri Buboniko Handia gizateriaren historian jasotako pandemiarik hilgarriena izan zen. Europan 1347 eta 1351 artean izan zuen bere une gorena eta Eurasian 75 eta 200 milioi pertsona artean hil zituela kalkulatzen da. Zientzialari gehienen ustetan, Izurri Beltza izurri bubonikoaren agerraldia izan zen, historian zehar zenbait alditan izan den epidemia dena. Yersinia pestis izeneko bakteriak sortu zuen, arratoi beltzak (Rattus rattus) zeramatzan arkakusoen bidez zabalduta. Izurriteak hainbat nahasmendu erlijioso, sozial eta ekonomiko sortu zituen, eta eragin sakonak izan zituen Europako historian.in sakonak izan zituen Europako historian. , Maut Hitam, disebut juga Wabah Hitam (baha … Maut Hitam, disebut juga Wabah Hitam (bahasa Inggris: Black Death), adalah suatu pandemi hebat yang pertama kali melanda Eropa pada pertengahan hingga akhir abad ke-14 (1347–1351) dan membunuh sepertiga hingga dua pertiga populasi Eropa. Pada saat yang hampir bersamaan, terjadi pula epidemi di sebagian besar Asia dan Timur Tengah, yang menunjukkan bahwa peristiwa di Eropa sebenarnya merupakan bagian dari pandemi multiregional. Jika termasuk Timur Tengah, India, dan Tiongkok, Maut Hitam telah merenggut sedikitnya 75 juta nyawa. Penyakit yang sama diduga kembali melanda Eropa pada setiap generasi dengan perbedaan intensitas dan tingkat fatalitas yang berbeda hingga tahun 1700-an. Beberapa wabah penting yang muncul kemudian antara lain Wabah Italia (1629–1631), Wabah Besar London (1665–1666),629–1631), Wabah Besar London (1665–1666), , La Pesta Negra fou una pandèmia, molt prob … La Pesta Negra fou una pandèmia, molt probablement de pesta, que possiblement s'originà el 1346 al nord de la Xina i, a través de Síria, s'estengué successivament per Anatòlia i Tràcia fins a arribar a Grècia, Egipte i els Balcans. El 1347 arribà a Sicília i des d'allà passà a Gènova; el 1348 havia infectat Suïssa (excepte els Grisons) i tota la península Itàlica, on només el territori del Ducat de Milà en fou parcialment estalviat. Des de Suïssa s'estengué a França i la península Ibèrica i el 1349 arribà a les Illes Britàniques. El 1353, després d'haver infectat tot Europa, els focus de la malaltia es reduïren fins a desaparèixer. Segons estudis moderns, la Pesta Negra matà com a mínim un terç de la població del continent, és a dir, gairebé 20 milions de persones. El juny de 2022 es publiions de persones. El juny de 2022 es publi , Czarna śmierć – termin określający jedną z … Czarna śmierć – termin określający jedną z największych epidemii w dziejach ludzkości, panującą w XIV-wiecznej Europie. Obecnie za jej przyczynę uważa się pałeczkę dżumy (Yersinia pestis), powodującą dżumę, na co wskazuje analiza DNA ofiar zarazy.Epidemia czarnej śmierci wybuchła w Azji Środkowej, być może w Chinach, skąd przez jedwabny szlak w 1346 dostała się na Krym, a stamtąd rozprzestrzeniła się na basen Morza Śródziemnego i całą Europę, roznoszona prawdopodobnie przez pchły pasożytujące na szczurach śniadych zamieszkujących ówczesne statki handlowe. Szacuje się, że zaraza spowodowała śmierć 30–60% ludności ówczesnej Europy. W wymiarze ogólnoświatowym populacja została zredukowana z 450 milionów do 350–375 milionów i potrzebowała aż 150 lat, by wrócić do stanu liczebnego sprzed pandeby wrócić do stanu liczebnego sprzed pande , 黑死病（英語：the Black Death）是人類歷史上最嚴重的瘟疫，于1347– … 黑死病（英語：the Black Death）是人類歷史上最嚴重的瘟疫，于1347–1353年間在欧亚非大陆上流行，是第二次鼠疫大流行的开端。一般認為，该病起源於亞洲：一說起源於中亞（天山山脉附近）、一说起源东亚（大元帝國）。1346年该病已经开始在东方流行，1347年金帳汗國可汗札尼别的蒙古军队在攻打黑海城市卡法时引发了疾病的大规模传播。此病約在14世纪40年代散佈到整個歐洲，這場瘟疫在全世界造成了大約7500萬-2亿人死亡，是人類歷史上致死人數最多的流行病；根據估計，瘟疫爆发期间的中世紀歐洲約有佔人口總数30%-60%的人死於黑死病。 黑死病剛開始被當時的作家稱作“大瘟疫（great pestilence）”、“great mortality”等等，到了16、17世纪才慢慢出现了「黑死病」之名。一般認為這個名稱是取自其中一個顯著的症狀，稱作「acral necrosis」，患者的皮膚會因為皮下出血而變黑。而黑色實際上也象徵憂鬱、哀傷與恐懼。黑死病對歐洲人口造成嚴重影響，改變歐洲的社會結構，動搖當時支配歐洲的羅馬天主教會的地位，並因此使得一些少數族群受到迫害，例如猶太人、穆斯林、外國人、乞丐以及麻风病患者。生存與否的不確定性，使得人們產生「活在當下」的一種情緒，如同薄伽丘在《十日談》之中所描繪的一般。確定性，使得人們產生「活在當下」的一種情緒，如同薄伽丘在《十日談》之中所描繪的一般。 , Чёрная смерть (или Чёрный мор от лат. Atra … Чёрная смерть (или Чёрный мор от лат. Atra mors) — вторая в истории пандемия чумы, пик которой пришёлся на 1346—1353 годы, а повторные вспышки продолжались вплоть до XIX века. Жертвами болезни стали десятки миллионов людей: по разным оценкам, от болезни погибло от 30 % до 60 % населения Европы. Инфекционным агентом была чумная палочка Yersinia pestis, что подтвердили генетические исследования останков жертв пандемии; тем не менее некоторые исследователи выдвигают альтернативные теории о природе чёрной смерти.ернативные теории о природе чёрной смерти. , De Zwarte Dood is de epidemie die van 1347 … De Zwarte Dood is de epidemie die van 1347 tot 1352 in Europa woedde en vele slachtoffers maakte, soms tientallen procenten van de bevolking. De epidemie werd veroorzaakt door de pestbacterie en kostte wereldwijd tussen de 75 en 200 miljoen mensen het leven. De pestepidemie greep in de rampzalige veertiende eeuw met politieke en religieuze instabiliteit (Honderdjarige Oorlog en de Babylonische Ballingschap der pausen naar Avignon) en grondige klimaatveranderingen met misoogsten en hongersnood om zich heen.et misoogsten en hongersnood om zich heen. , Als Schwarzer Tod wird eine der verheerend … Als Schwarzer Tod wird eine der verheerendsten Pandemien der Weltgeschichte bezeichnet, die in Europa zwischen 1346 und 1353 geschätzt 25 Millionen Todesopfer – ein Drittel der damaligen Bevölkerung – forderte. Als Ursache gilt die durch das Bakterium Yersinia pestis hervorgerufene Pest.Einige Autoren erweitern den Begriff Black Death (Schwarzer Tod) auf viele der in der Neuzeit nach dem Spätmittelalter aufgetretenen lokalen Krankheitsausbrüche. Bei genetischen Untersuchungen des Krankheitserregers hat sich nämlich ergeben, dass die meisten Subtypen von Yersinia pestis in einen einzigen Stammbaum integriert werden können.nzigen Stammbaum integriert werden können. , Peste Negra (também conhecida como Grande … Peste Negra (também conhecida como Grande Peste, Peste ou Praga) foi a pandemia mais devastadora registada na história humana, tendo resultado na morte de 75 a 200 milhões de pessoas na Eurásia, atingindo o pico na Europa entre os anos de 1347 e 1351. Acredita-se que a bactéria Yersinia pestis, que resulta em várias formas de peste (septicémica, pneumónica e, a mais comum, bubónica), tenha sido a causa. A Peste Negra foi o primeiro grande surto europeu de peste e a segunda pandemia da doença. A praga criou uma série de convulsões religiosas, sociais e económicas, com efeitos profundos no curso da história da Europa. profundos no curso da história da Europa. , Digerdöden, också kallad svarta döden elle … Digerdöden, också kallad svarta döden eller den stora döden, var en zoonotisk pandemisk sjukdom under medeltiden som i genomsnitt dödade var tredje person i Europa. Den allmänt accepterade teorin är att digerdöden var ett mycket omfattande utbrott av pest. Upp till 25 miljoner personer kan ha dött i Europa, och 75 miljoner globalt.ha dött i Europa, och 75 miljoner globalt.
rdfs:label Černá smrt , Чорна смерть , Чёрная смерть , Peste nera , Μαύρη πανώλη , Czarna śmierć , Zwarte Dood , الموت الأسود , Digerdöden , Black Death , Schwarzer Tod , Nigra morto , An Phlá Mhór , Maut Hitam , Peste noire , Peste negra , Pesta Negra , Peste Negra , Izurri Beltza , 黒死病 , 흑사병 , 黑死病
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