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http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract 人体试验(英語:Human subject research),指的是任何需要從人類身上獲取檢體或資訊的研究。医学研究為最常牽涉到人體試驗的研究領域,但人體試驗並不只包含醫學研究,社會科學、心理學、藝術等領域若使用到人類樣本時,亦視為人體試驗而受到人體試驗法規的規範。一般由志愿者自愿参加临床试验,但仍有大量试验是非自愿的秘密实验。 , Experimentação humana é uma investigação sExperimentação humana é uma investigação sistemática e científica que pode ser intervencionista (um "julgamento") ou observacional (não "artigo de teste") e envolve seres humanos como sujeitos de pesquisa. Experiências deste tipo podem ser pesquisas médicas (clínicas) ou pesquisas não médicas (por exemplo, ciências sociais). A investigação sistemática incorpora tanto a coleta como a análise de dados para responder a uma pergunta específica. A pesquisa médica do ser humano geralmente envolve a análise de espécimes biológicos, estudos epidemiológicos e comportamentais e estudos de revisão de gráficos médicos. A pesquisa de humanos é utilizada em vários campos, incluindo pesquisas sobre biologia básica, medicina clínica, enfermagem, psicologia, sociologia, ciência política e antropologia. À medida que a pesquisa se formalizou, a comunidade científica desenvolveu definições formais de "pesquisa em humanos", em grande parte em resposta a abusos de seres humanos, como cometidos durante o Holocausto e na Unidade 731, durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.ade 731, durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. , الأبحاث العلمية على البشر هي بحوث علمية منالأبحاث العلمية على البشر هي بحوث علمية منهجية تُجرى على الإنسان، والتي إما قد تكون تجريبية ذات تدخل طبي (تجارب سريرية) أو أخرى نظرية تهدف إلى رصد معلومات (لا تتضمن استخدام مادة اختبارية). كما أنها قد تكون طبية، أو غير طبية (كالعلوم الاجتماعية على سبيل المثال). وتتضمن هذه البحوث المنهجية كلًا من جمع وتحليل البيانات من أجل الإجابة على تساؤلٍ ما. غالبًا ما تتضمن الأبحاث الطبية على البشر تحليل عيّناتٍ بيولوجية، وتحليل دراسات علم الأوبئة وعلم السلوك، ودراسات مراجعة السجلات الطبية. وتعتبر التجارب السريرية بالتحديد أحد أنواع الأبحاث الطبية على البشر الخاضعة للتنظيم بشكلٍ كبير، والتي من خلالها يتم تقييم آثار الأدوية، واللقاحات، والأجهزة الطبية. أما بالنسبة للأبحاث المتعلقة بالعلوم الاجتماعية فهي غالبًا ما تتضمن دراسات استقصائية، واستبيانات، ومقابلات، ومجموعات نقاش بؤرية. وتستخدم الأبحاث على البشر في مختلف المجالات، من ضمنها أساسيات علم الأحياء، والطب، والتمريض، وعلم النفس، وعلم الاجتماع، والعلوم السياسية، وعلم الإنسان. وحيث أصبحت هذه الأبحاث رسميةً فقد وضع المجتمع الأكاديميّ تعريفات رسمية لها؛ ويعود ذلك إلى حدٍ كبير إلى ظهور التجارب غير الأخلاقية على البشر. إلى ظهور التجارب غير الأخلاقية على البشر. , La sperimentazione umana si riferisce all'La sperimentazione umana si riferisce all'utilizzo di esseri umani come soggetti di ricerca.È una parte fondamentale della ricerca medica e molte persone si offrono volontari per sperimentazioni cliniche o trattamenti medici sia nelle scienze mediche di base, così come nelle scienze psicologiche sociali e comportamentali. Esistono molti esempi nella storia umana di soggetti trattati in modo non etico, e quindi sono molti i requisiti, le linee guida e le procedure in atto oggi per garantire che simili eventi non si ripetano. Requisiti e linee guida esistono a livello nazionale, nel mondo accademico, e a livello delle comunità scientifiche. Alcuni esperimenti utilizzano gli umani, al posto degli animali, per testare i cosmetici. La sperimentazione umana e l' si sono evolute nel tempo. Questa sezione mostra le atrocità del passato che hanno guidato alla politica restrittiva attuale. Per l'occasione, i soggetti della sperimentazione umana sono stati prigionieri, schiavi, od anche familiari. In alcuni casi di rilievo, i medici hanno condotto esperimenti su sé stessi, quando erano riluttanti a rischiare le vite di altri.o riluttanti a rischiare le vite di altri. , Le plus souvent, on entend par expérimentaLe plus souvent, on entend par expérimentation humaine, l'expérimentation scientifique sur l'être humain dans le cadre de recherches sur la maladie et la santé (sujet de cet article). Cette expérimentation sur le sujet humain ne se limite pas à la médecine : elle peut concerner de nouvelles méthodes pédagogiques, la pratique de nouvelles technologies, ou le vol spatial. Les expériences médicales sur les êtres humains s'inscrivent dans le processus des essais cliniques pour élaborer des traitements. Dans ce cadre, se posent les questions du consentement éclairé des patients concernés et du contrôle bioéthique de l'expérience.et du contrôle bioéthique de l'expérience. , Ein Menschenversuch, auch Humanexperiment,Ein Menschenversuch, auch Humanexperiment, ist ein wissenschaftliches Experiment an einem oder mehreren Menschen. Bei der Zulassung neuer Medikamente spielen Menschenversuche in klinischen Studien eine wichtige Rolle. Dort stehen Tests an freiwilligen Menschen mit an letzter Stelle des Zulassungsprozesses, da Erkenntnisse von Tierversuchen nur begrenzt auf Menschen übertragbar sind. Medizinische Menschenversuche werden in unserer Gesellschaft an Freiwilligen durchgeführt. In der Geschichte finden sich zahlreiche Beispiele von Versuchen gegen den Willen von Menschen oder ohne deren Wissen bzw. nach bewusst unzureichender Information. Ein Spezialfall ist der medizinische Selbstversuch, bei dem z. B. ein Mediziner die Wirkung und etwaige Gefährlichkeit einer neuen Substanz an sich selbst erprobt. In der vorindustriellen Zeit war dies eine wichtige Methode der Ärzte und Forscher, die Medizin weiterzuentwickeln. Forscher, die Medizin weiterzuentwickeln. , Experiment med människor betecknar inom meExperiment med människor betecknar inom medicin, psykologi, pedagogik, sociologi och marknadsföring en vetenskaplig metod för att studera om en viss variabel har en påverkan, i kausala termer, på en annan variabel. Till skillnad från många andra undersökningsmetoder för att studera människors reaktioner kännetecknas experiment av att undersökaren aktivt utsätter experimentdeltagare för påverkan som inte skulle ha inträffat i frånvaro av den aktuella undersökningen.i frånvaro av den aktuella undersökningen. , 人体実験(じんたいじっけん、英: Human subject research)とは、ヒトを対象とする研究、体系的な科学的調査であり、人間を研究主題として含んだものを指す。 , Human subject research is systematic, scieHuman subject research is systematic, scientific investigation that can be either interventional (a "trial") or observational (no "test article") and involves human beings as research subjects, commonly known as test subjects. Human subject research can be either medical (clinical) research or non-medical (e.g., social science) research. Systematic investigation incorporates both the collection and analysis of data in order to answer a specific question. Medical human subject research often involves analysis of biological specimens, epidemiological and behavioral studies and medical chart review studies. (A specific, and especially heavily regulated, type of medical human subject research is the "clinical trial", in which drugs, vaccines and medical devices are evaluated.) On the other hand, human subject research in the social sciences often involves surveys which consist of questions to a particular group of people. Survey methodology includes questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups. Human subject research is used in various fields, including research into advanced biology, clinical medicine, nursing, psychology, sociology, political science, and anthropology. As research has become formalized, the academic community has developed formal definitions of "human subject research", largely in response to abuses of human subjects.y in response to abuses of human subjects. , Eksperymenty na ludziach – medyczne eksperEksperymenty na ludziach – medyczne eksperymenty przeprowadzane na żyjących osobach. Współcześnie w eksperymentach uczestniczy się dobrowolnie, dla wypróbowania nowych metod leczenia. Ochotnicy biorący udział w eksperymencie muszą zostać poinformowani o możliwych działaniach ubocznych, tak aby mogli wyrazić dobrowolną i świadomą zgodę na udział w badaniach. Nie mogą one stwarzać zagrożenia dla życia a za błędy prowadzące do uśmiercenia czy trwałego kalectwa odpowiada przeprowadzający eksperymenty stanowiące świadome ryzyko. Niejednokrotnie w historii dochodziło jednak do eksperymentów na ludziach pod przymusem, które z góry zakładały pogorszenie stanu zdrowia osoby poddawanej testom. Odnotowane przypadki śmiertelnych eksperymentów na ludziach: * USA przy napromieniowywaniu ludzi i podawaniu im substancji radioaktywnych (np. związków plutonu). Zbywano to jako teorię spiskową, jednak w końcu sprawa ujrzała światło dzienne. Oficjalny rządowy raport zawiera kilka tysięcy stron. * Przez Japończyków podczas okupacji Chin. * w obozach koncentracyjnych (zob. np. eksperymenty medyczne i pseudomedyczne w Auschwitz) * Eksperymenty prowadzone w Korei Północnej – eksperymenty pseudomedyczne i tortury przeprowadzane w obozach, głównym celem doświadczeń jest testowanie broni chemicznej i biologicznej.estowanie broni chemicznej i biologicznej. , 인체 실험(人體實驗)은 살아있는 사람을 대상으로 하는 실험을 말한다.
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rdfs:comment Experimentação humana é uma investigação sExperimentação humana é uma investigação sistemática e científica que pode ser intervencionista (um "julgamento") ou observacional (não "artigo de teste") e envolve seres humanos como sujeitos de pesquisa. Experiências deste tipo podem ser pesquisas médicas (clínicas) ou pesquisas não médicas (por exemplo, ciências sociais). A investigação sistemática incorpora tanto a coleta como a análise de dados para responder a uma pergunta específica. A pesquisa médica do ser humano geralmente envolve a análise de espécimes biológicos, estudos epidemiológicos e comportamentais e estudos de revisão de gráficos médicos. e estudos de revisão de gráficos médicos. , La sperimentazione umana si riferisce all'La sperimentazione umana si riferisce all'utilizzo di esseri umani come soggetti di ricerca.È una parte fondamentale della ricerca medica e molte persone si offrono volontari per sperimentazioni cliniche o trattamenti medici sia nelle scienze mediche di base, così come nelle scienze psicologiche sociali e comportamentali. Alcuni esperimenti utilizzano gli umani, al posto degli animali, per testare i cosmetici.to degli animali, per testare i cosmetici. , Ein Menschenversuch, auch Humanexperiment,Ein Menschenversuch, auch Humanexperiment, ist ein wissenschaftliches Experiment an einem oder mehreren Menschen. Bei der Zulassung neuer Medikamente spielen Menschenversuche in klinischen Studien eine wichtige Rolle. Dort stehen Tests an freiwilligen Menschen mit an letzter Stelle des Zulassungsprozesses, da Erkenntnisse von Tierversuchen nur begrenzt auf Menschen übertragbar sind. Medizinische Menschenversuche werden in unserer Gesellschaft an Freiwilligen durchgeführt.Gesellschaft an Freiwilligen durchgeführt. , الأبحاث العلمية على البشر هي بحوث علمية منالأبحاث العلمية على البشر هي بحوث علمية منهجية تُجرى على الإنسان، والتي إما قد تكون تجريبية ذات تدخل طبي (تجارب سريرية) أو أخرى نظرية تهدف إلى رصد معلومات (لا تتضمن استخدام مادة اختبارية). كما أنها قد تكون طبية، أو غير طبية (كالعلوم الاجتماعية على سبيل المثال). وتتضمن هذه البحوث المنهجية كلًا من جمع وتحليل البيانات من أجل الإجابة على تساؤلٍ ما.ليل البيانات من أجل الإجابة على تساؤلٍ ما. , Le plus souvent, on entend par expérimentaLe plus souvent, on entend par expérimentation humaine, l'expérimentation scientifique sur l'être humain dans le cadre de recherches sur la maladie et la santé (sujet de cet article). Cette expérimentation sur le sujet humain ne se limite pas à la médecine : elle peut concerner de nouvelles méthodes pédagogiques, la pratique de nouvelles technologies, ou le vol spatial.nouvelles technologies, ou le vol spatial. , 人体実験(じんたいじっけん、英: Human subject research)とは、ヒトを対象とする研究、体系的な科学的調査であり、人間を研究主題として含んだものを指す。 , 인체 실험(人體實驗)은 살아있는 사람을 대상으로 하는 실험을 말한다. , Eksperymenty na ludziach – medyczne eksperEksperymenty na ludziach – medyczne eksperymenty przeprowadzane na żyjących osobach. Współcześnie w eksperymentach uczestniczy się dobrowolnie, dla wypróbowania nowych metod leczenia. Ochotnicy biorący udział w eksperymencie muszą zostać poinformowani o możliwych działaniach ubocznych, tak aby mogli wyrazić dobrowolną i świadomą zgodę na udział w badaniach. Nie mogą one stwarzać zagrożenia dla życia a za błędy prowadzące do uśmiercenia czy trwałego kalectwa odpowiada przeprowadzający eksperymenty stanowiące świadome ryzyko. Odnotowane przypadki śmiertelnych eksperymentów na ludziach:ki śmiertelnych eksperymentów na ludziach: , Experiment med människor betecknar inom meExperiment med människor betecknar inom medicin, psykologi, pedagogik, sociologi och marknadsföring en vetenskaplig metod för att studera om en viss variabel har en påverkan, i kausala termer, på en annan variabel. Till skillnad från många andra undersökningsmetoder för att studera människors reaktioner kännetecknas experiment av att undersökaren aktivt utsätter experimentdeltagare för påverkan som inte skulle ha inträffat i frånvaro av den aktuella undersökningen.i frånvaro av den aktuella undersökningen. , 人体试验(英語:Human subject research),指的是任何需要從人類身上獲取檢體或資訊的研究。医学研究為最常牽涉到人體試驗的研究領域,但人體試驗並不只包含醫學研究,社會科學、心理學、藝術等領域若使用到人類樣本時,亦視為人體試驗而受到人體試驗法規的規範。一般由志愿者自愿参加临床试验,但仍有大量试验是非自愿的秘密实验。 , Human subject research is systematic, scieHuman subject research is systematic, scientific investigation that can be either interventional (a "trial") or observational (no "test article") and involves human beings as research subjects, commonly known as test subjects. Human subject research can be either medical (clinical) research or non-medical (e.g., social science) research. Systematic investigation incorporates both the collection and analysis of data in order to answer a specific question. Medical human subject research often involves analysis of biological specimens, epidemiological and behavioral studies and medical chart review studies. (A specific, and especially heavily regulated, type of medical human subject research is the "clinical trial", in which drugs, vaccines and medical devices are evaluated.) On the other hanl devices are evaluated.) On the other han
rdfs:label Human subject research , 인체 실험 , الأبحاث العلمية على البشر , Expérimentation humaine , Sperimentazione umana , 人体実験 , Menschenversuch , Experimentação humana , Eksperymenty na ludziach , 人体试验 , Experiment med människor
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