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Die Geschichte des Radar beschreibt die Entwicklung von Radarsystemen von den ersten Versuchen 1904 über den Forschungswettstreit während des Zweiten Weltkrieges bis hin zu den neuesten Technologien in Raumfahrt und Automobilindustrie.
, 本項では、レーダーの歴史について述べる。
, L’histoire du radar est une branche de l'h … L’histoire du radar est une branche de l'histoire de l'électronique qui devient un des fondements de la stratégie militaire du XXe siècle. L’idée de repérer un objet à distance, la télédétection, a commencé au début de ce siècle quand Christian Hülsmeyer applique les lois de l’électromagnétisme de Maxwell et utilise les ondes électromagnétiques découvertes par Hertz dans un précurseur du radar, le « Telemobiloskop » (Reichspatent Nr. 165546). Les années 1920 et 1930 verront plusieurs découvertes en électronique rendant possible le développement d’un système opérationnel, juste à temps pour la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le radar a joué un rôle crucial dans le conflit, et a probablement eu une contribution plus importante pour la victoire des Alliés que la bombe atomique. L’expérience acquise pendant le conflit par un grand nombre de chercheurs a permis d’élargir l’utilisation du radar à d’autres domaines que le militaire. On le retrouve directement ou indirectement aujourd’hui dans l’aviation civile, le contrôle maritime, la détection météorologique, les détecteurs de vitesse de nos routes et même en médecine.vitesse de nos routes et même en médecine.
, The history of radar (where radar stands f … The history of radar (where radar stands for radio detection and ranging) started with experiments by Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century that showed that radio waves were reflected by metallic objects. This possibility was suggested in James Clerk Maxwell's seminal work on electromagnetism. However, it was not until the early 20th century that systems able to use these principles were becoming widely available, and it was German inventor Christian Hülsmeyer who first used them to build a simple ship detection device intended to help avoid collisions in fog (Reichspatent Nr. 165546). True radar, such as the British Chain Home early warning system provided directional information to objects over short ranges, were developed over the next two decades. The development of systems able to produce short pulses of radio energy was the key advance that allowed modern radar systems to come into existence. By timing the pulses on an oscilloscope, the range could be determined and the direction of the antenna revealed the angular location of the targets. The two, combined, produced a "fix", locating the target relative to the antenna. In the 1934–1939 period, eight nations developed independently, and in great secrecy, systems of this type: the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States, the USSR, Japan, the Netherlands, France, and Italy. In addition, Britain shared their information with the United States and four Commonwealth countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa, and these countries also developed their own radar systems. During the war, Hungary was added to this list. The term RADAR was coined in 1939 by the United States Signal Corps as it worked on these systems for the Navy. Progress during the war was rapid and of great importance, probably one of the decisive factors for the victory of the Allies. A key development was the magnetron in the UK, which allowed the creation of relatively small systems with sub-meter resolution. By the end of hostilities, Britain, Germany, the United States, the USSR, and Japan had a wide variety of land- and sea-based radars as well as small airborne systems. After the war, radar use was widened to numerous fields including: civil aviation, marine navigation, radar guns for police, meteorology and even medicine. Key developments in the post-war period include the travelling wave tube as a way to produce large quantities of coherent microwaves, the development of signal delay systems that led to phased array radars, and ever-increasing frequencies that allow higher resolutions. Increases in signal processing capability due to the introduction of solid state computers has also had a large impact on radar use. has also had a large impact on radar use.
, بدأ تاريخ الرادار (بالإنجليزية:: RAdio Det … بدأ تاريخ الرادار (بالإنجليزية:: RAdio Detection And Ranging واختصارًا: RADAR، حيث تشير كلمة رادار إلى الكشف عن الموجات الراديوية وتحديد مداها) بتجارب أجراها هاينريش هيرتز في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر أظهرت أن الموجات الراديوية تنعكس على أجسام معدنية. كان هذا الاحتمال مقترحًا من قبل العالم جيمس كليرك ماكسويل خلال عمله الإبداعي في مجال الكهرومغناطيسية. ومع ذلك، لم يكن متاحًا على نطاق واسع حتى أوائل القرن العشرين حين أصبحت الأنظمة القادرة على استخدام هذه المبادئ متاحة على نطاق واسع، وكان المخترع الألماني كريستيان هولسماير أول من استخدمها لابتكار جهاز بسيط لاكتشاف السفن يهدف إلى المساعدة في تجنب التصادم في الضباب (براءة اختراع فخرية رقم 165546). على مدى العقدين التاليين، جرى تطوير العديد من الأنظمة المشابهة، التي وفرت معلومات توجيهية للأهداف على المدى القصير. كان تطوير أنظمة قادرة على إنتاج ذبذبات قصيرة من الطاقة الراديوية هو المفتاح الرئيسي الذي سمح لأنظمة الرادار الحديثة بالظهور. يمكن تحديد المدى من خلال التسجيل الوقتي للذبذبات باستخدام جهاز راسم الإشارة، ويمكن من خلال اتجاه الهوائي الكشف عن الموقع الزاوي للأهداف. أما عند دمجهما معًا، فإنهما ينتجان «إصلاحًا»، ويحددان موقع الهدف بالنسبة للهوائي. في الفترة ما بين 1934- 1939، طورت ثماني دول بشكل مستقل، وعلى قدر كبير من السرية، أنظمة من هذا النوع: المملكة المتحدة، وألمانيا، والولايات المتحدة، والاتحاد السوفييتي، واليابان، وهولندا، وفرنسا، وإيطاليا. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، شاركت بريطانيا معلوماتها مع الولايات المتحدة وأربع دول من دول الكومنولث: أستراليا، وكندا، ونيوزيلندا، وجنوب أفريقيا، وقد طورت هذه الدول أنظمة الرادار الخاصة بها، وأُضيفت المجر إلى هذه القائمة خلال الحرب. صاغ فيلق الإشارات التابع للولايات المتحدة مصطلح رادار في عام 1939 في أثناء عملها على هذه الأنظمة من أجل القوة البحرية. كان التقدم خلال الحرب سريعًا وذا أهمية كبيرة، وربما كان أحد العوامل الحاسمة في انتصار الحلفاء. كان المغناترون (الصمام المغناطيسي الإلكتروني)، الذي سمح بإنشاء منظومات صغيرة نسبيًا مع دقة لا تتجاوز المتر الواحد، أحد التطورات الرئيسية في المملكة المتحدة. بحلول نهاية الحرب، كان لدى بريطانيا، وألمانيا، والولايات المتحدة، والاتحاد السوفييتي، واليابان، مجموعة واسعة من الرادارات البرية والبحرية بالإضافة إلى أنظمة صغيرة محمولة جوًا. أما بعد الحرب، توسّع استخدام الرادار ليشمل العديد من المجالات: الطيران المدني، والملاحة البحرية، ومسدسات الرادار للشرطة، وعلم الأرصاد الجوية، وحتى الطب. تشمل التطورات الرئيسية في فترة ما بعد الحرب صمام الموجة الراحلة بصفته وسيلةً لإنتاج كميات كبيرة من الأمواج الميكروية المتماسكة، وتطوير أنظمة تأخير الإشارة أسفرت عن الرادارات المصفوفة الطورية، والترددات المتزايدة باستمرار التي تتيح دقة أعلى. تنسب الزيادات في قدرة معالجة الإشارات إلى إدخال أجهزة الحاسوب ذات الحالة الصلبة التي كان لها أيضًا تأثير كبير في استخدام الرادار.ن لها أيضًا تأثير كبير في استخدام الرادار.
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Die Geschichte des Radar beschreibt die Entwicklung von Radarsystemen von den ersten Versuchen 1904 über den Forschungswettstreit während des Zweiten Weltkrieges bis hin zu den neuesten Technologien in Raumfahrt und Automobilindustrie.
, L’histoire du radar est une branche de l'h … L’histoire du radar est une branche de l'histoire de l'électronique qui devient un des fondements de la stratégie militaire du XXe siècle. L’idée de repérer un objet à distance, la télédétection, a commencé au début de ce siècle quand Christian Hülsmeyer applique les lois de l’électromagnétisme de Maxwell et utilise les ondes électromagnétiques découvertes par Hertz dans un précurseur du radar, le « Telemobiloskop » (Reichspatent Nr. 165546). Les années 1920 et 1930 verront plusieurs découvertes en électronique rendant possible le développement d’un système opérationnel, juste à temps pour la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le radar a joué un rôle crucial dans le conflit, et a probablement eu une contribution plus importante pour la victoire des Alliés que la bombe atomique.victoire des Alliés que la bombe atomique.
, The history of radar (where radar stands f … The history of radar (where radar stands for radio detection and ranging) started with experiments by Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century that showed that radio waves were reflected by metallic objects. This possibility was suggested in James Clerk Maxwell's seminal work on electromagnetism. However, it was not until the early 20th century that systems able to use these principles were becoming widely available, and it was German inventor Christian Hülsmeyer who first used them to build a simple ship detection device intended to help avoid collisions in fog (Reichspatent Nr. 165546). True radar, such as the British Chain Home early warning system provided directional information to objects over short ranges, were developed over the next two decades. were developed over the next two decades.
, 本項では、レーダーの歴史について述べる。
, بدأ تاريخ الرادار (بالإنجليزية:: RAdio Det … بدأ تاريخ الرادار (بالإنجليزية:: RAdio Detection And Ranging واختصارًا: RADAR، حيث تشير كلمة رادار إلى الكشف عن الموجات الراديوية وتحديد مداها) بتجارب أجراها هاينريش هيرتز في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر أظهرت أن الموجات الراديوية تنعكس على أجسام معدنية. كان هذا الاحتمال مقترحًا من قبل العالم جيمس كليرك ماكسويل خلال عمله الإبداعي في مجال الكهرومغناطيسية. ومع ذلك، لم يكن متاحًا على نطاق واسع حتى أوائل القرن العشرين حين أصبحت الأنظمة القادرة على استخدام هذه المبادئ متاحة على نطاق واسع، وكان المخترع الألماني كريستيان هولسماير أول من استخدمها لابتكار جهاز بسيط لاكتشاف السفن يهدف إلى المساعدة في تجنب التصادم في الضباب (براءة اختراع فخرية رقم 165546). على مدى العقدين التاليين، جرى تطوير العديد من الأنظمة المشابهة، التي وفرت معلومات توجيهية للأهداف على المدى القصير. معلومات توجيهية للأهداف على المدى القصير.
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| rdfs:label |
تاريخ الرادار
, Geschichte des Radars
, レーダーの歴史
, Histoire du radar
, History of radar
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