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Gnistsändaren är den första typen av radio … Gnistsändaren är den första typen av radiosändare i radiohistorien. Guglielmo Marconi använde den redan 1895 i sina första sändningar. Tekniken var bara lämpad för telegrafi, inte för tal och musik. Gnisttekniken hade Marconi övertagit från Hertz. En hög spänning fick urladdas över ett gnistgap. Den plötsliga strömstöten skapade en kort elektromagnetisk svängning som via en antenn kunde breda ut sig i rymden. Till en början var man bara intresserad av att åstadkomma ett radiofrekvent ljud, oavsett frekvens, men snart försökte man koncentrera energin till en viss radiofrekvens och få varje radiopuls att vara lite längre. Då kunde man överbrygga större avstånd, skilja sig bättre från naturliga störningar, och flera sändare kunde sända samtidigt utan att störa varandra. Genom att förse sändaren med resonanskretsar gynnade man en bestämd frekvens. När man skilde gnistgapet från antennkretsen med en induktiv koppling kunde den utsända radiopulsen fortsätta klinga av en stund efter att gnistan slocknat, och nya gnistor skapades i tät följd för att upprätthålla sändningen. Gnisttekniken kunde dock aldrig komma i närheten av en ren och kontinuerlig bärvåg, utan resultatet kan snarare beskrivas som ett radiofrekvent surr. Det var användbart för telegrafi, men inte för tal eller musik. Telegrafisten använde en telegrafnyckel för att sluta och bryta kontakten mellan gnistgeneratorn och antennen. På så sätt delades strömmen av radiopulser in i korta och långa enheter som bildade morsetecknen i det utsända meddelandet.de morsetecknen i det utsända meddelandet.
, Un trasmettitore a spinterometro (o a scin … Un trasmettitore a spinterometro (o a scintilla) è un apparecchio per generare onde elettromagnetiche a frequenza radio. Questi apparecchi servirono come trasmettitori per la maggior parte di sistemi per la telegrafia senza fili per i primi tre decenni della radio (1885-1916) e le prime dimostrazioni di radio funzionanti furono condotte usando questo tipo di apparecchio. Negli ultimi anni furono sviluppati trasmettitori più efficienti basati sugli alternatori ad alta velocità di e generatori ad arco di Poulsen anche se i trasmettitori a spinterometro continuarono ad essere preferiti da molti operatori sia per la loro struttura che per il fatto che il trasmettitore smetteva di generare un'onda portante appena il tasto del Codice Morse veniva rilasciato, permettendo all'operatore di ascoltare una replica anticipata "attraverso” cioè tra un segnale trasmesso e l'altro. Con altri tipi di trasmettitori l'onda portante non poteva essere controllata così facilmente ed erano richieste misure elaborate sia per modulare l'onda portante che per separare l'antenna ricevente da quella trasmittente. Dopo la prima guerra mondiale divennero disponibili trasmettitori valvolari molto migliorati che superavano questi problemi. Sul finire del 1920 gli unici trasmettitori a spinterometro ancora operativi erano legati all'installazione sui battelli navali. Anche quando i trasmettitori basati sui tubi a vuoto furono installati, molti battelli mantennero i loro grezzi ma utilizzabili trasmettitori a spinterometro come unità di emergenza.i a spinterometro come unità di emergenza.
, Der Löschfunkensender, auch Tonfunkensende … Der Löschfunkensender, auch Tonfunkensender genannt, war eine Weiterentwicklung des Knallfunkensenders und diente wie dieser zur Übermittlung von Morsesignalen in der drahtlosen Telegrafie. Er wurde 1905 von Max Wien entwickelt und fand in der Anfangszeit der Funktelegrafie, insbesondere im Seefunkverkehr, weite Verbreitung. So war es auch dieser Sendertypus, der 1909 sowohl den ersten FT-Notruf überhaupt als auch 1912 das in die Geschichte eingegangene SOS-Zeichen der RMS Titanic übermittelte. SOS-Zeichen der RMS Titanic übermittelte.
, Een vonkgenerator is een toestel voor het … Een vonkgenerator is een toestel voor het opwekken van radiogolven. De hoogfrequente golven ontstaan door het continu laten overspringen van elektrische vonken tussen twee draadeinden. Het hart van de vonkgenerator wordt gevormd door de vonkinductor die in 1836 was uitgevonden door de Ierse priester Nicholas Callan en verder werd ontwikkeld door onder meer de Parijse instrumentmaker Heinrich Ruhmkorff. In 1886 had Heinrich Hertz ontdekt dat als hij vonken genereerde met een vonkinductor, er op afstand in een eenvoudige ronde draadboog met bovenin een kleine opening tegelijkertijd ook kleine vonken ontstonden. Dit principe werd later uitgewerkt door onder andere Guglielmo Marconi. Hij ontwikkelde uit de vonkinductor de vonkgenerator voor het opwekken van radiogolven en gebruikte de reeds bestaande seinsleutel en morsecode voor het ontwikkelen van de radiotelegrafie.or het ontwikkelen van de radiotelegrafie.
, Nadajnik iskrowy – rodzaj nadajnika służącego wytwarzaniu fal radiowych, który wykorzystywany był szczególnie przy telegrafie bezprzewodowym w pierwszych dwóch dekadach rozwoju radia, szczególnie przy praktycznych demonstracjach.
, Emissor de faísca (ou transmissor de faísc … Emissor de faísca (ou transmissor de faísca) foi um dispositivo eléctrico utilizado nos primeiros tempos de desenvolvimento da radiotelegrafia para produzir ondas electromagnéticas de radiofrequência a partir de uma faísca gerada por uma descarga elétrica de alta voltagem. Estes dispositivos serviram como transmissores para a maioria dos sistemas radiotelegráficos durante as três primeiras décadas de desenvolvimento da rádio (1887-1916), mantendo-se em uso até à década de 1930., mantendo-se em uso até à década de 1930.
, Un émetteur à étincelles désigné aussi com … Un émetteur à étincelles désigné aussi comme émetteur à ondes amorties est un dispositif destiné à produire des ondes électromagnétiques amorties de classe B composées de séries successives d'oscillations dont l'amplitude, après avoir atteint un maximum, diminue graduellement, les trains d'ondes étant manipulés suivant un code télégraphique par fréquences radioélectriques. Dès 1887 ces appareils ont servi d'émetteurs pour la plupart des transmissions en télégraphie sans fil ainsi qu'aux toutes premières démonstrations de transmission hertzienne. Le procédé est à présent abandonné en faveur des ondes entretenues.abandonné en faveur des ondes entretenues.
, Искровой передатчик — устаревший тип радио … Искровой передатчик — устаревший тип радиопередатчика, который генерирует радиоволны с помощью электрической искры. Генерируемый электромагнитный сигнал представляет собой последовательность коротких импульсов в виде затухающих колебаний. Искровые передатчики были первым типом радиопередатчика и основным типом, используемым в беспроводной телеграфии на начальном этапе развития радио — с 1890-х годов до конца Первой мировой войны. Первый искровой передатчик был построен в 1887 году немецким физиком Генрихом Герцем для экспериментального подтверждения теории Джеймса Максвелла, предсказавшей существование электромагнитных волн.авшей существование электромагнитных волн.
, 火花送信機（ひばなそうしんき）あるいは火花式送信機は、かつて無線通信に用いられた、間隙を設けた電極間に高電圧を印加して、火花放電による電波を発生させる装置である。大きくは普通火花間隙（Ordinary spark gap）、瞬滅火花間隙（Quenched spark gap）、回転火花間隙（Rotary spark gap）による三方式の火花送信機に分類される。
, A spark-gap transmitter is an obsolete typ … A spark-gap transmitter is an obsolete type of radio transmitter which generates radio waves by means of an electric spark. Spark-gap transmitters were the first type of radio transmitter, and were the main type used during the wireless telegraphy or "spark" era, the first three decades of radio, from 1887 to the end of World War I. German physicist Heinrich Hertz built the first experimental spark-gap transmitters in 1887, with which he proved the existence of radio waves and studied their properties. A fundamental limitation of spark-gap transmitters is that they generate a series of brief transient pulses of radio waves called damped waves; they are unable to produce the continuous waves used to carry audio (sound) in modern AM or FM radio transmission. So spark-gap transmitters could not transmit audio, and instead transmitted information by radiotelegraphy; the operator switched the transmitter on and off with a telegraph key, creating pulses of radio waves to spell out text messages in Morse code. The first practical spark gap transmitters and receivers for radiotelegraphy communication were developed by Guglielmo Marconi around 1896. One of the first uses for spark-gap transmitters was on ships, to communicate with shore and broadcast a distress call if the ship was sinking. They played a crucial role in maritime rescues such as the 1912 RMS Titanic disaster. After World War I, vacuum tube transmitters were developed, which were less expensive and produced continuous waves which had a greater range, produced less interference, and could also carry audio, making spark transmitters obsolete by 1920. The radio signals produced by spark-gap transmitters are electrically "noisy"; they have a wide bandwidth, creating radio frequency interference (RFI) that can disrupt other radio transmissions. This type of radio emission has been prohibited by international law since 1934.rohibited by international law since 1934.
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center
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Guglielmo Marconi
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The three 5 ft rotary spark discharger wheels of the "timed spark" system.
, The temporary antenna used in the transatlantic transmission, a fan-shaped 50-wire aerial.
, French non-syntonic transmitter used for ship-to-shore communication around 1900. It had a range of about .
, Hertz's dipole oscillator
, Ordinary inductively coupled transmitter
, Transmitter building, showing the 36 feedlines feeding power to the 3,600 ft. flattop wire antenna.
, 113820.0
, British Post Office officials examining Marconi's transmitter ' and receiver ' during a demonstration 1897. The pole supporting the vertical wire antenna is visible at center.
, Quenched-spark transmitter
, Marconi in 1901 with his early spark transmitter ' and coherer receiver ', which recorded the Morse code symbols with an ink line on a paper tape.
, Early vertical antennas. ' Marconi found s … Early vertical antennas. ' Marconi found suspending the metal plate "capacity area" high above the ground increased range. ' He found that a simple elevated wire worked just as well. ' Later researchers found that multiple parallel wires were a better way to increase capacitance. "Cage antennas" ' distributed current more equally between wires, reducing resistanceequally between wires, reducing resistance
, Re-creation of Marconi's first monopole transmitter
, Marconi first tried enlarging the dipole antenna with 6×6 foot metal sheet "capacity areas" , 1895 Metal sheets and spark balls not shown to scale.
, Marconi's first monopole antenna transmitter, 1895. One side of spark gap grounded, the other attached to a metal plate .
, Marconi's transmitting station at Poldhu, Cornwall, showing the original 400-wire vertical cylindrical aerial which collapsed
, 5
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Morse code of "CQ DE PJ"
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vertical
, horizontal
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Massie Wireless Station "PJ" Spark Sound.ogg
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--09-22
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Evolution of Marconi's monopole antenna from Hertz's dipole antenna
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Guglielmo Marconi 1901 wireless signal.jpg
, Marconi Carnarvon 300kW transatlantic spark transmitter 1919 - tuning coil.png
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, Spark gap transmitter.jpg
, Marconi 1897 spark gap transmitter.jpg
, Post Office Engineers.jpg
, Marconi capacity area transmitter 1896.png
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, Marconi's first radio transmitter.jpg
, Marconi transatlantic wireless station at Carnarvon, Wales 1917.jpg
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, Early vertical wire antennas.svg
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I could scarcely conceive it possible that [radio's] application to useful purposes could have escaped the notice of such eminent scientists.
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Audio of Massie spark gap transmission
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火花送信機（ひばなそうしんき）あるいは火花式送信機は、かつて無線通信に用いられた、間隙を設けた電極間に高電圧を印加して、火花放電による電波を発生させる装置である。大きくは普通火花間隙（Ordinary spark gap）、瞬滅火花間隙（Quenched spark gap）、回転火花間隙（Rotary spark gap）による三方式の火花送信機に分類される。
, Nadajnik iskrowy – rodzaj nadajnika służącego wytwarzaniu fal radiowych, który wykorzystywany był szczególnie przy telegrafie bezprzewodowym w pierwszych dwóch dekadach rozwoju radia, szczególnie przy praktycznych demonstracjach.
, A spark-gap transmitter is an obsolete typ … A spark-gap transmitter is an obsolete type of radio transmitter which generates radio waves by means of an electric spark. Spark-gap transmitters were the first type of radio transmitter, and were the main type used during the wireless telegraphy or "spark" era, the first three decades of radio, from 1887 to the end of World War I. German physicist Heinrich Hertz built the first experimental spark-gap transmitters in 1887, with which he proved the existence of radio waves and studied their properties. radio waves and studied their properties.
, Gnistsändaren är den första typen av radio … Gnistsändaren är den första typen av radiosändare i radiohistorien. Guglielmo Marconi använde den redan 1895 i sina första sändningar. Tekniken var bara lämpad för telegrafi, inte för tal och musik. Gnisttekniken hade Marconi övertagit från Hertz. En hög spänning fick urladdas över ett gnistgap. Den plötsliga strömstöten skapade en kort elektromagnetisk svängning som via en antenn kunde breda ut sig i rymden. Till en början var man bara intresserad av att åstadkomma ett radiofrekvent ljud, oavsett frekvens, men snart försökte man koncentrera energin till en viss radiofrekvens och få varje radiopuls att vara lite längre. Då kunde man överbrygga större avstånd, skilja sig bättre från naturliga störningar, och flera sändare kunde sända samtidigt utan att störa varandra.e sända samtidigt utan att störa varandra.
, Der Löschfunkensender, auch Tonfunkensende … Der Löschfunkensender, auch Tonfunkensender genannt, war eine Weiterentwicklung des Knallfunkensenders und diente wie dieser zur Übermittlung von Morsesignalen in der drahtlosen Telegrafie. Er wurde 1905 von Max Wien entwickelt und fand in der Anfangszeit der Funktelegrafie, insbesondere im Seefunkverkehr, weite Verbreitung. So war es auch dieser Sendertypus, der 1909 sowohl den ersten FT-Notruf überhaupt als auch 1912 das in die Geschichte eingegangene SOS-Zeichen der RMS Titanic übermittelte. SOS-Zeichen der RMS Titanic übermittelte.
, Un trasmettitore a spinterometro (o a scin … Un trasmettitore a spinterometro (o a scintilla) è un apparecchio per generare onde elettromagnetiche a frequenza radio. Questi apparecchi servirono come trasmettitori per la maggior parte di sistemi per la telegrafia senza fili per i primi tre decenni della radio (1885-1916) e le prime dimostrazioni di radio funzionanti furono condotte usando questo tipo di apparecchio. Negli ultimi anni furono sviluppati trasmettitori più efficienti basati sugli alternatori ad alta velocità di e generatori ad arco di Poulsen anche se i trasmettitori a spinterometro continuarono ad essere preferiti da molti operatori sia per la loro struttura che per il fatto che il trasmettitore smetteva di generare un'onda portante appena il tasto del Codice Morse veniva rilasciato, permettendo all'operatore di ascoltaiato, permettendo all'operatore di ascolta
, Искровой передатчик — устаревший тип радио … Искровой передатчик — устаревший тип радиопередатчика, который генерирует радиоволны с помощью электрической искры. Генерируемый электромагнитный сигнал представляет собой последовательность коротких импульсов в виде затухающих колебаний. Искровые передатчики были первым типом радиопередатчика и основным типом, используемым в беспроводной телеграфии на начальном этапе развития радио — с 1890-х годов до конца Первой мировой войны.890-х годов до конца Первой мировой войны.
, Un émetteur à étincelles désigné aussi com … Un émetteur à étincelles désigné aussi comme émetteur à ondes amorties est un dispositif destiné à produire des ondes électromagnétiques amorties de classe B composées de séries successives d'oscillations dont l'amplitude, après avoir atteint un maximum, diminue graduellement, les trains d'ondes étant manipulés suivant un code télégraphique par fréquences radioélectriques. Dès 1887 ces appareils ont servi d'émetteurs pour la plupart des transmissions en télégraphie sans fil ainsi qu'aux toutes premières démonstrations de transmission hertzienne. Le procédé est à présent abandonné en faveur des ondes entretenues.abandonné en faveur des ondes entretenues.
, Een vonkgenerator is een toestel voor het … Een vonkgenerator is een toestel voor het opwekken van radiogolven. De hoogfrequente golven ontstaan door het continu laten overspringen van elektrische vonken tussen twee draadeinden. Het hart van de vonkgenerator wordt gevormd door de vonkinductor die in 1836 was uitgevonden door de Ierse priester Nicholas Callan en verder werd ontwikkeld door onder meer de Parijse instrumentmaker Heinrich Ruhmkorff.arijse instrumentmaker Heinrich Ruhmkorff.
, Emissor de faísca (ou transmissor de faísc … Emissor de faísca (ou transmissor de faísca) foi um dispositivo eléctrico utilizado nos primeiros tempos de desenvolvimento da radiotelegrafia para produzir ondas electromagnéticas de radiofrequência a partir de uma faísca gerada por uma descarga elétrica de alta voltagem. Estes dispositivos serviram como transmissores para a maioria dos sistemas radiotelegráficos durante as três primeiras décadas de desenvolvimento da rádio (1887-1916), mantendo-se em uso até à década de 1930., mantendo-se em uso até à década de 1930.
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火花送信機
, Löschfunkensender
, Vonkgenerator
, Émetteur à étincelles
, Trasmettitore a spinterometro
, Искровой радиопередатчик
, Emissor de faísca
, Nadajnik iskrowy
, Spark-gap transmitter
, Gnistsändare
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