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The history of penicillin follows a number … The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity of the mould Penicillium that led to the development of penicillins that became the most widely used antibiotics. Following the identification of Penicillium rubens as the source of the compound in 1928 and with the production of pure compound in 1942, penicillin became the first naturally derived antibiotic. There are anecdotes about ancient societies using moulds to treat infections, and in the following centuries many people observed the inhibition of bacterial growth by various moulds. However, it is unknown if the species involved were Penicillium species or if the antimicrobial substances produced were penicillin. While working at St Mary's Hospital in London, Scottish physician Alexander Fleming was the first to experimentally discover that a Penicillium mould secretes an antibacterial substance, and the first to concentrate the active substance involved, which he named penicillin in 1928. The mould was determined to be a rare variant of Penicillium notatum (now Penicillium rubens), a laboratory contaminant in his lab. For the next 16 years, he pursued better methods of production of penicillin, medicinal uses and clinical trial. His successful treatment of Harry Lambert who had otherwise fatal streptococcal meningitis in 1942 proved to be a critical moment in the medical usage of penicillin. Many later scientists were involved in the stabilization and mass production of penicillin and in the search for more productive strains of Penicillium. Important contributors include Ernst Chain, Howard Florey, Norman Heatley and Edward Abraham. Fleming, Florey and Chain shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery and development of penicillin. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin received the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry determining the structures of important biochemical substances including penicillin. Shortly after the discovery of penicillin, there were reports of penicillin resistance in many bacteria. Research that aims to circumvent and understand the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance continues today. of antibiotic resistance continues today.
, يعد ألكسندر فلمنج أول من اقترح أن فطر عفن … يعد ألكسندر فلمنج أول من اقترح أن فطر عفن البنسليوم يجب أن يحتوي على مادة مضادة للبكتريا، كما أنه كان أول من ركّز على المادة الفعالة التي أطلق عليها بنسلين، بيد أنه لم يكن أول من استخدم خصائصها في الطب. وكان من بين غيره ممن شارك في إنتاج البنسلين على نطاق واسع إرنست تشين وهوارد فلوري ونورمان هيتلي. في ليلة من ليالي عام بدأ فلمينج يتفحص عدة صحون كان يربي فيها البكتريا اللازمة للتجارب.. وكان فلمنغ قد مال بهذه الصحون إلى حوض الغسيل وإذ عمد الدكتور الباحث إلى كشف كل صحن قبل أن يضعه في محلول التنظيف.. استوقفه واحد منها فإذا به يعلن قائلا: هذا غريب.. كان هناك بعض العفن ينمو على أديم هذا الصحن أو ذاك وكان ذلك مألوفاً في كل حال.. لكن كل البكتريا المحيطة بهذا العفن كانت قد ماتت.. وكان هذا هو الغريب كما لاحظ فلمنغ الذي بادر إلى تحليل عينة من العفن القاتل للبكتريا.. ليكتشف أنها من فصيلة اسمها البنسلين..وهكذا أمكن الدكتور ألكسندر فلمنج من اكتشاف العقار الجديد عام 1929. وأن لم يقدّر له أن ينال اعتراف الدوائر الرسمية أو الطبية أو الشعبية إلا بعد أن أثبت نجاحاته في معالجة جرحى الحرب العالمية الثانية. وكان ذلك بفضل جهود اثنين من الكيميائيين اللذين استطاعا تحويل الكشف العلمي ومصادفته السعيدة إلى عقار دوائي مطروح في دنيا الطب والعلاج.إلى عقار دوائي مطروح في دنيا الطب والعلاج.
, Sir Alexander Fleming fut le premier à dém … Sir Alexander Fleming fut le premier à démontrer que la moisissure Penicillium notatum synthétisait une substance antibactérienne ; il fut le premier à concentrer cette substance qu'il appela « pénicilline ». Il ne fut pourtant pas celui qui conduisit le développement de la pénicilline, ni le premier à utiliser ses propriétés chez l'être humain. C'est un cas emblématique de découverte faite par sérendipité.tique de découverte faite par sérendipité.
, L'escocès Alexander Fleming va ser el prim … L'escocès Alexander Fleming va ser el primer a suggerir que el Penicillium, un tipus de floridura, havia de posseir una substància antibacterial, i va ser el primer a aïllar la substància activa que anomenava penicil·lina. Però Fleming no va ser el primer a utilitzar les seves propietats.l primer a utilitzar les seves propietats.
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Sir Alexander Fleming fut le premier à dém … Sir Alexander Fleming fut le premier à démontrer que la moisissure Penicillium notatum synthétisait une substance antibactérienne ; il fut le premier à concentrer cette substance qu'il appela « pénicilline ». Il ne fut pourtant pas celui qui conduisit le développement de la pénicilline, ni le premier à utiliser ses propriétés chez l'être humain. C'est un cas emblématique de découverte faite par sérendipité.tique de découverte faite par sérendipité.
, The history of penicillin follows a number … The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity of the mould Penicillium that led to the development of penicillins that became the most widely used antibiotics. Following the identification of Penicillium rubens as the source of the compound in 1928 and with the production of pure compound in 1942, penicillin became the first naturally derived antibiotic. There are anecdotes about ancient societies using moulds to treat infections, and in the following centuries many people observed the inhibition of bacterial growth by various moulds. However, it is unknown if the species involved were Penicillium species or if the antimicrobial substances produced were penicillin.obial substances produced were penicillin.
, L'escocès Alexander Fleming va ser el prim … L'escocès Alexander Fleming va ser el primer a suggerir que el Penicillium, un tipus de floridura, havia de posseir una substància antibacterial, i va ser el primer a aïllar la substància activa que anomenava penicil·lina. Però Fleming no va ser el primer a utilitzar les seves propietats.l primer a utilitzar les seves propietats.
, يعد ألكسندر فلمنج أول من اقترح أن فطر عفن … يعد ألكسندر فلمنج أول من اقترح أن فطر عفن البنسليوم يجب أن يحتوي على مادة مضادة للبكتريا، كما أنه كان أول من ركّز على المادة الفعالة التي أطلق عليها بنسلين، بيد أنه لم يكن أول من استخدم خصائصها في الطب. وكان من بين غيره ممن شارك في إنتاج البنسلين على نطاق واسع إرنست تشين وهوارد فلوري ونورمان هيتلي.اسع إرنست تشين وهوارد فلوري ونورمان هيتلي.
|
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Découverte de la pénicilline
, تاريخ البنسلين
, Història de la penicil·lina
, History of penicillin
|
