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William Markowitz (Melč, 8 febbraio 1907 – … William Markowitz (Melč, 8 febbraio 1907 – Pompano Beach, 10 ottobre 1998) è stato un astronomo statunitense, noto soprattutto per i suoi contributi sulla standardizzazione del tempo. La sua attività di ricerca si concentrò prevalentemente sulla velocità di rotazione della Terra e sul moto dei poli terrestri, del quale nel 1960 descrisse la deriva e la quota ciclica, con un periodo di 24 anni, che nel 1970 è stata denominata da M. G. Rochester oscillazione di Markowitz (Markowitz wobble).illazione di Markowitz (Markowitz wobble).
, William Markowitz (* 8. Februar 1907 in Me … William Markowitz (* 8. Februar 1907 in Melč; † 10. Oktober 1998 in Pompano Beach, Florida) war ein US-amerikanischer Astronom. Markowitz arbeitete von 1936 bis 1966 am U.S. Naval Observatory und leitete von 1953 bis 1966 dessen Zeitdienst. Sein Hauptinteresse galt der Erdrotation und der Polbewegung. Er konstruierte eine spezielle Mondkamera, die zur Bestimmung der Ephemeridenzeit diente. Die Vergleiche der mit dieser Kamera realisierten astronomischen Ephemeridenzeitskala mit der physikalisch erzeugten Atomzeitskala der neu entwickelten Caesium-Atomuhren führte zur Definition der SI-Sekunde als 9.192.631.770 Schwingungen der von Caesium-Atomen emittierten Strahlung. von Caesium-Atomen emittierten Strahlung.
, William Markowitz (February 8, 1907 in Mel … William Markowitz (February 8, 1907 in Melč, Austrian Silesia – October 10, 1998 in Pompano Beach, Florida) was an American astronomer, principally known for his work on the standardization of time. His mother was visiting Melč near Vítkov in Austrian Silesia (now Czech Republic) when William was born. The Polish family emigrated to the U.S. in 1910 and settled in Chicago. William earned his doctorate from the University of Chicago in 1931, under W.D. MacMillan. He taught at Pennsylvania State College before joining the United States Naval Observatory in 1936, working under and Gerald Clemence in the time service department. After having married Rosalyn Shulemson in 1943, Markowitz eventually became director of the department. He developed the ephemeris time scale, which had been adopted by the IAU in 1952 on a proposal formulated by Clemence in 1948, as an international time standard. He subsequently worked with Louis Essen in England to calibrate the newly developed atomic clocks in terms of the ephemeris second. The fundamental frequency of caesium atomic clocks, which they determined as 9,192,631,770 ± 20 Hz, was used to define the second internationally since 1967. At the International Astronomical Union (IAU) meeting in Dublin in 1955, he had proposed the system of distinguishing between variants of Universal Time, as UT0 (UT as directly observed), UT1 (reduced to invariable meridian by correcting to remove effect of polar motion) and UT2 (further corrected to remove (extrapolated) seasonal variation in earth rotation rate), a system which remains in some use today. He served as President of the IAU commission on time from 1955 to 1961, and was active in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, the American Geophysical Union, and the . After retiring from USNO in 1966, Markowitz served as professor of physics at Marquette University until 1972, and also held a post at Nova Southeastern University.ld a post at Nova Southeastern University.
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William Markowitz (* 8. Februar 1907 in Me … William Markowitz (* 8. Februar 1907 in Melč; † 10. Oktober 1998 in Pompano Beach, Florida) war ein US-amerikanischer Astronom. Markowitz arbeitete von 1936 bis 1966 am U.S. Naval Observatory und leitete von 1953 bis 1966 dessen Zeitdienst. Sein Hauptinteresse galt der Erdrotation und der Polbewegung. Er konstruierte eine spezielle Mondkamera, die zur Bestimmung der Ephemeridenzeit diente. Die Vergleiche der mit dieser Kamera realisierten astronomischen Ephemeridenzeitskala mit der physikalisch erzeugten Atomzeitskala der neu entwickelten Caesium-Atomuhren führte zur Definition der SI-Sekunde als 9.192.631.770 Schwingungen der von Caesium-Atomen emittierten Strahlung. von Caesium-Atomen emittierten Strahlung.
, William Markowitz (Melč, 8 febbraio 1907 – … William Markowitz (Melč, 8 febbraio 1907 – Pompano Beach, 10 ottobre 1998) è stato un astronomo statunitense, noto soprattutto per i suoi contributi sulla standardizzazione del tempo. La sua attività di ricerca si concentrò prevalentemente sulla velocità di rotazione della Terra e sul moto dei poli terrestri, del quale nel 1960 descrisse la deriva e la quota ciclica, con un periodo di 24 anni, che nel 1970 è stata denominata da M. G. Rochester oscillazione di Markowitz (Markowitz wobble).illazione di Markowitz (Markowitz wobble).
, William Markowitz (February 8, 1907 in Mel … William Markowitz (February 8, 1907 in Melč, Austrian Silesia – October 10, 1998 in Pompano Beach, Florida) was an American astronomer, principally known for his work on the standardization of time. His mother was visiting Melč near Vítkov in Austrian Silesia (now Czech Republic) when William was born. The Polish family emigrated to the U.S. in 1910 and settled in Chicago. He served as President of the IAU commission on time from 1955 to 1961, and was active in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, the American Geophysical Union, and the . the American Geophysical Union, and the .
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