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El derecho de sociedades del Reino Unido e … El derecho de sociedades del Reino Unido es el cuerpo de normas que tiene que ver con las corporaciones creadas bajo la Ley de Sociedades de 2006. También regulado por la Ley de insolvencia de 1986, el Código de Gobierno Corporativo del Reino Unido, las Directivas de la Unión Europea y los casos judiciales, la compañía es el principal vehículo legal para organizar y ejecutar los negocios. Rastreando su historia moderna a finales de los años de la Revolución Industrial, las sociedades anónimas ahora emplean más personas y generan más de la riqueza en la economía del Reino Unido que cualquier otra forma de organización. El Reino Unido fue el primer país en preparar los estatutos de sociedades modernas, en donde a través de un proceso de registro sencillo cualquier inversionista puede incorporar, limitar la responsabilidad de gestión a sus acreedores en caso de insolvencia de las empresas, y en donde la administración fue delegada a una junta de directores centralizada. Modelo internacional influyente, el derecho del Reino Unido siempre ha dado a las personas una amplia libertad para diseñar las normas internas de las empresas, siempre y cuando los derechos mínimos obligatorios de los inversionistas en virtud de su legislación sean cumplidos.n virtud de su legislación sean cumplidos.
, The United Kingdom company law regulates c … The United Kingdom company law regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006. Also governed by the Insolvency Act 1986, the UK Corporate Governance Code, European Union Directives and court cases, the company is the primary legal vehicle to organise and run business. Tracing their modern history to the late Industrial Revolution, public companies now employ more people and generate more of wealth in the United Kingdom economy than any other form of organisation. The United Kingdom was the first country to draft modern corporation statutes, where through a simple registration procedure any investors could incorporate, limit liability to their commercial creditors in the event of business insolvency, and where management was delegated to a centralised board of directors. An influential model within Europe, the Commonwealth and as an international standard setter, UK law has always given people broad freedom to design the internal company rules, so long as the mandatory minimum rights of investors under its legislation are complied with. Company law, or corporate law, can be broken down into two main fields, corporate governance and corporate finance. Corporate governance in the UK mediates the rights and duties among shareholders, employees, creditors and directors. Since the board of directors habitually possesses the power to manage the business under a company constitution, a central theme is what mechanisms exist to ensure directors' accountability. UK law is "shareholder friendly" in that shareholders, to the exclusion of employees, typically exercise sole voting rights in the general meeting. The general meeting holds a series of minimum rights to change the company constitution, issue resolutions and remove members of the board. In turn, directors owe a set of duties to their companies. Directors must carry out their responsibilities with competence, in good faith and undivided loyalty to the enterprise. If the mechanisms of voting do not prove enough, particularly for minority shareholders, directors' duties and other member rights may be vindicated in court. Of central importance in public and listed companies is the securities market, typified by the London Stock Exchange. Through the Takeover Code the UK strongly protects the right of shareholders to be treated equally and freely trade their shares. Corporate finance concerns the two money raising options for limited companies. Equity finance involves the traditional method of issuing shares to build up a company's capital. Shares can contain any rights the company and purchaser wish to contract for, but generally grant the right to participate in dividends after a company earns profits and the right to vote in company affairs. A purchaser of shares is helped to make an informed decision directly by prospectus requirements of full disclosure, and indirectly through restrictions on financial assistance by companies for purchase of their own shares. Debt finance means getting loans, usually for the price of a fixed annual interest repayment. Sophisticated lenders, such as banks typically contract for a security interest over the assets of a company, so that in the event of default on loan repayments they may seize the company's property directly to satisfy debts. Creditors are also, to some extent, protected by courts' power to set aside unfair transactions before a company goes under, or recoup money from negligent directors engaged in wrongful trading. If a company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due, UK insolvency law requires an administrator to attempt a rescue of the company (if the company itself has the assets to pay for this). If rescue proves impossible, a company's life ends when its assets are liquidated, distributed to creditors and the company is struck off the register. If a company becomes insolvent with no assets it can be wound up by a creditor, for a fee (not that common), or more commonly by the tax creditor (HMRC). more commonly by the tax creditor (HMRC).
, 英国公司法是指罗马法与英格兰法中法人团体的。英国今日的公司法最早源于19世纪中叶，但其他形式的商业协会与联盟在更早之前就已经出现。
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I do not think it is necessary, but it app … I do not think it is necessary, but it appears to me very important, that we should concur in laying down again and again the general principle that in this Court no agent in the course of his agency, in the matter of his agency, can be allowed to make any profit without the knowledge and consent of his principal; that that rule is an inflexible rule, and must be applied inexorably by this Court, which is not entitled, in my judgment, to receive evidence, or suggestion, or argument as to whether the principal did or did not suffer any injury in fact by reason of the dealing of the agent; for the safety of mankind requires that no agent shall be able to put his principal to the danger of such an inquiry as that. to the danger of such an inquiry as that.
, "...the relationship between management an … "...the relationship between management and ownership in limited liability companies has tended progressively to be more and more shadowy. Even before the war, apprehension was expressed on this point, and remedies were then suggested, and, with the great growth in the size of companies, the old relationship, which really grew out of the idea of partnership, where individual owners were closely concerned themselves with the management, has largely disappeared in modern company structure. The growth of groups or chains of companies, which make the true economic entity rather than the company itself, where we get a whole complex of companies operating together—that factor has still further divorced management from ownership. This now well-developed tendency is, in fact, practically ignored by the company law as it exists today, and that is another reason why amendment is required…"another reason why amendment is required…"
, "The directors of such companies, however, … "The directors of such companies, however, being the managers rather of other people’s money than of their own, it cannot well be expected, that they should watch over it with the same anxious vigilance with which the partners in a private copartnery frequently watch over their own. Like the stewards of a rich man, they are apt to consider attention to small matters as not for their master's honour, and very easily give themselves a dispensation from having it. Negligence and profusion, therefore, must always prevail, more or less, in the management of the affairs of such a company. It is upon this account, that joint-stock companies for foreign trade have seldom been able to maintain the competition against private adventurers." competition against private adventurers."
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A Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Book V, ch 1, §107
, Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade introducing the Companies Act 1947.
, James LJ, Parker v McKenna LR 10 Ch App 96, 124-125
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英国公司法是指罗马法与英格兰法中法人团体的。英国今日的公司法最早源于19世纪中叶，但其他形式的商业协会与联盟在更早之前就已经出现。
, The United Kingdom company law regulates c … The United Kingdom company law regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006. Also governed by the Insolvency Act 1986, the UK Corporate Governance Code, European Union Directives and court cases, the company is the primary legal vehicle to organise and run business. Tracing their modern history to the late Industrial Revolution, public companies now employ more people and generate more of wealth in the United Kingdom economy than any other form of organisation. The United Kingdom was the first country to draft modern corporation statutes, where through a simple registration procedure any investors could incorporate, limit liability to their commercial creditors in the event of business insolvency, and where management was delegated to a centralised board of directors. An infl a centralised board of directors. An infl
, El derecho de sociedades del Reino Unido e … El derecho de sociedades del Reino Unido es el cuerpo de normas que tiene que ver con las corporaciones creadas bajo la Ley de Sociedades de 2006. También regulado por la Ley de insolvencia de 1986, el Código de Gobierno Corporativo del Reino Unido, las Directivas de la Unión Europea y los casos judiciales, la compañía es el principal vehículo legal para organizar y ejecutar los negocios. Rastreando su historia moderna a finales de los años de la Revolución Industrial, las sociedades anónimas ahora emplean más personas y generan más de la riqueza en la economía del Reino Unido que cualquier otra forma de organización.que cualquier otra forma de organización.
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, Derecho de Sociedades del Reino Unido
, United Kingdom company law
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