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أدار الاتحاد السوفيتي سرًا أكبر وأطول برنا … أدار الاتحاد السوفيتي سرًا أكبر وأطول برنامج للأسلحة البيولوجية وأكثرها تطورًا في العالم، منتهكًا بذلك اتفاقية الأسلحة البيولوجية لعام 1972. بدأ البرنامج في عشرينات القرن العشرين واستمر حتى سبتمبر 1992 على الأقل ولكن من المحتمل أنه استمر في روسيا بعد ذلك. خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، أُجبِر جوزيف ستالين على نقل عمليات الحرب البيولوجية (بي دبليو) الخاصة به بعيدًا عن مسار تقدم القوات الألمانية وربما استخدم داء التوليري ضد القوات الألمانية في عام 1942 بالقرب من ستالينجراد. بحلول عام 1960، كان هناك العديد من مرافق أبحاث الأسلحة البيولوجية في جميع أنحاء الاتحاد السوفيتي. على الرغم من أن الاتحاد السوفياتي وقع على اتفاقية الأسلحة البيولوجية لعام 1972 (بي دبليو سي)، فقد عزز السوفييت فيما بعد برامج الحرب البيولوجية الخاصة بهم. على مدار تاريخه، من المعروف أن البرنامج السوفييتي قد قام بتسليح وتخزين العوامل البيولوجية التالية (واستمر بإجراء أبحاث أساسيًا على العديد من العوامل الأخرى):
* العصوية الجمرية
* اليرسينيا طاعونية (الطاعون)
* الفرنسيسيلة التولارية (داء التوليري)
* بيركهولدرية رعامية (الرعام)
* البروسيلا (داء البروسيلات)
* الكوكسيلة البورنيتية (حمى كيو)
* فيروس التهاب دماغ الحصان الفنزويلي (في إي إي)
* ذيفان السجقية
* الذيفان المعوي نوع بي
* الجدري
* فيروس ماربورغ
* فيروس أورثوبوكس تطورت هذه البرامج بدرجة كبيرة ونُفذت في عشرات المواقع السرية التي وظفت ما يصل إلى 65000 شخص. مثلًا، تراوحت السعة الإنتاجية السنوية لأسلحة الجدري بين 90 و100 طن. في ثمانينات وتسعينات القرن العشرين، عُدلت العديد من هذه العوامل وراثيًا لتصبح مقاومةً للحرارة والبرودة والمضادات الحيوية. في تسعينات القرن العشرين، اعترف بوريس يلتسين ببرنامج الأسلحة البيولوجية الهجومية وكذلك بحقيقية حادث الأسلحة البيولوجية في سفيردلوفسك عام 1979، الذي أسفر عن مقتل 64 شخص على الأقل. أكد منشقون عن برنامج الأسلحة البيولوجية السوفيتية مثل فلاديمير باشنيك والعقيد كاناتجان أليبيكوف أن البرنامج كان ضخمًا ولا يزال موجودًا. في عام 1992، وُقعت اتفاقية ثلاثية مع الولايات المتحدة والمملكة المتحدة وعدت بإنهاء برامج الأسلحة البيولوجية وتحويل المنشآت إلى أغراض سلمية، لكن الالتزام بالاتفاقية - ومصير العوامل والمرافق البيولوجية السوفيتية السابقة - لا يزال غير موثقًا في الغالب.ية السابقة - لا يزال غير موثقًا في الغالب.
, The Soviet Union covertly operated the wor … The Soviet Union covertly operated the world's largest, longest, and most sophisticated biological weapons program, thereby violating its obligations as a party to the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention. The program began in the 1920s and lasted until at least September 1992 but has possibly been continued by Russia after that. During World War II, Joseph Stalin was forced to move his biological warfare (BW) operations out of the way of advancing German forces and may have used tularemia against German troops in 1942 near Stalingrad. By 1960, numerous BW research facilities existed throughout the Soviet Union. Although the USSR also signed the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), the Soviets subsequently augmented their biowarfare programs. Over the course of its history, the Soviet program is known to have weaponized and stockpiled the following bio-agents (and to have pursued basic research on many more):
* Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
* Yersinia pestis (plague)
* Francisella tularensis (tularemia)
* Burkholderia mallei (glanders)
* Brucella sp. (brucellosis)
* Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever)
* Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE)
* Botulinum toxin
* Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
* Smallpox
* Marburg virus
* Orthopoxvirus These programs became immense and were conducted at dozens of secret sites employing up to 65,000 people. Annualized production capacity for weaponized smallpox, for example, was 90 to 100 tons. In the 1980s and 1990s, many of these agents were genetically altered to resist heat, cold, and antibiotics. In the 1990s, Boris Yeltsin admitted to an offensive biological weapons program as well as to the true nature of the Sverdlovsk biological weapons accident of 1979, which had resulted in the deaths of at least 64 people. Defecting Soviet bioweaponeers such as Vladimir Pasechnik and Colonel Kanatjan Alibekov confirmed that the program had been massive and still existed. In 1992, a Trilateral Agreement was signed with the United States and the United Kingdom promising to end biological weapons programs and convert facilities to benevolent purposes, but compliance with the agreement—and the fate of the former Soviet bio-agents and facilities—is still mostly undocumented.d facilities—is still mostly undocumented.
, Il programma di armamento biologico soviet … Il programma di armamento biologico sovietico ebbe inizio negli anni Venti del XX secolo e subì un'accelerazione nel corso della seconda guerra mondiale, col possibile utilizzo della tularemia come arma biologica nel corso della battaglia di Stalingrado. Sembra che a tutt'oggi la Russia abbia ereditato la maggior parte delle armi biologiche sviluppate durante la guerra fredda.L'istituzione delle organizzazioni civili e militari era ordinato dai ministeri della difesa, dell'agricoltura e della sanità, mentre la loro gestione era demandata all'Accademia Sovietica delle Scienze e al KGB.ccademia Sovietica delle Scienze e al KGB.
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أدار الاتحاد السوفيتي سرًا أكبر وأطول برنا … أدار الاتحاد السوفيتي سرًا أكبر وأطول برنامج للأسلحة البيولوجية وأكثرها تطورًا في العالم، منتهكًا بذلك اتفاقية الأسلحة البيولوجية لعام 1972. بدأ البرنامج في عشرينات القرن العشرين واستمر حتى سبتمبر 1992 على الأقل ولكن من المحتمل أنه استمر في روسيا بعد ذلك. خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، أُجبِر جوزيف ستالين على نقل عمليات الحرب البيولوجية (بي دبليو) الخاصة به بعيدًا عن مسار تقدم القوات الألمانية وربما استخدم داء التوليري ضد القوات الألمانية في عام 1942 بالقرب من ستالينجراد.لألمانية في عام 1942 بالقرب من ستالينجراد.
, The Soviet Union covertly operated the wor … The Soviet Union covertly operated the world's largest, longest, and most sophisticated biological weapons program, thereby violating its obligations as a party to the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention. The program began in the 1920s and lasted until at least September 1992 but has possibly been continued by Russia after that. During World War II, Joseph Stalin was forced to move his biological warfare (BW) operations out of the way of advancing German forces and may have used tularemia against German troops in 1942 near Stalingrad.nst German troops in 1942 near Stalingrad.
, Il programma di armamento biologico soviet … Il programma di armamento biologico sovietico ebbe inizio negli anni Venti del XX secolo e subì un'accelerazione nel corso della seconda guerra mondiale, col possibile utilizzo della tularemia come arma biologica nel corso della battaglia di Stalingrado. Sembra che a tutt'oggi la Russia abbia ereditato la maggior parte delle armi biologiche sviluppate durante la guerra fredda.L'istituzione delle organizzazioni civili e militari era ordinato dai ministeri della difesa, dell'agricoltura e della sanità, mentre la loro gestione era demandata all'Accademia Sovietica delle Scienze e al KGB.ccademia Sovietica delle Scienze e al KGB.
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| rdfs:label |
برنامج الأسلحة البيولوجية السوفييتية
, Soviet biological weapons program
, Programma di armamento biologico sovietico
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| rdfs:seeAlso |
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Offensive_Soviet_biological_warfare_programme +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Ministry_of_Agriculture +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Food_%28Soviet_Union%29 +
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