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| http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract | The Sortition Law (Portuguese: Lei do Sort … The Sortition Law (Portuguese: Lei do Sorteio), officially Law No. 1,860 of 4 January 1908, introduced compulsory military service for the Brazilian Armed Forces. It was approved in 1906 but only de facto implemented in 1916, replacing forced recruitment - the antiquated "blood tribute" - and allowing the constitution of a reserve. Sortition or draft lottery was the mechanism used for recruiting soldiers from 1916 to 1945, when it was replaced by general class call, which is the system of mandatory military service in 21st century-Brazil. Though controversial at the time, the law was one of the major military reforms of the First Brazilian Republic and had lasting effects on the Brazilian Army's relationship with Brazilian politics and society. An earlier law of 1874 had already introduced the lottery, but it was not applied due to popular resistance. Recruitment reform had been advocated by military officers and politicians since the 19th century. The old system was violent, inefficient and out of the Army's control. As it was characteristic of a weak central power, local oligarchs (coronéis) abused it. Since military service was seen as degrading, there weren't enough volunteers to fill the ranks and the police arrested the "dregs of society" to serve. Reformists saw the military lottery as the most modern and rational form of recruitment. Their reference was Europe, where since the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) states had permanent officer corps (and some enlisted men) and variable enlisted personnel; young men served for short periods as soldiers and were sent into a growing reserve, which could be quickly mobilized during war. As in theory all classes should participate, armies would be the "nation in arms" and the "school of nationality", conferring national unity. A 1906 proposal, drafted by deputy , was finally approved in 1908, with support among officers, the urban middle class and the marshal Hermes da Fonseca's administration at the Ministry of War, during the presidency of Afonso Pena. For military officers who discussed reform of the Army and its poor performance in campaigns, there were clear reasons for reform: to fill in the gaps in the number of troops, form reserves and not fall behind countries like Argentina and Chile, which had already implemented compulsory military service from 1900 onwards. Intellectuals such as Olavo Bilac were more ambitious, seeing in it social leveling and discipline and education of the masses, a "civilizing mission" to be carried out by the officers. The law was controversial and faced opposition from diverse ideological perspectives, such as anarchists, and both in large cities and in the countryside. The labor movement, in particular, made anti-militaristic opposition. Popular opposition, budget cuts and loss of interest from the civilian elite meant that the lottery was not applied immediately. Only the impact of the First World War and a public relations campaign, with lectures by Olavo Bilac, breathed new life to the law, and the first lottery was held in December 1916. Its implementation was associated with the creation of the , which were an alternative to conventional service, the reorganization of the order of battle, construction of barracks, softening of discipline and other changes. In the following decades, the lottery suffered from administrative limitations and insubmission – thousands were drawn annually, but for years in a row the majority of those called for service did not attend. Insubmission was only solved with punitive measures requiring the . Contrary to what the law's defenders expected, there was no social leveling, and the lower military ranks continued to be occupied by the lower class. Still, the lottery was successful in attracting recruits, their selection became more judicious and the reputation of soldiers slowly improved. The army's strength grew from 18,000 men in 1915 to 93,000 in 1940, gradually strengthening central power against local oligarchies. The Army reached out to all of society and had a greater capacity to spread its ideology.a greater capacity to spread its ideology. , A Lei do Sorteio (n.º 1860, de 4 de janeir … A Lei do Sorteio (n.º 1860, de 4 de janeiro de 1908) introduziu o serviço militar obrigatório para as Forças Armadas do Brasil, implantado de fato em 1916, substituindo o recrutamento forçado, o antigo “tributo de sangue”, e permitindo a constituição de uma reserva. O sorteio foi mecanismo de recrutamento de praças de 1916 a 1945, quando foi substituído pela convocação geral por classe, que é o modelo de serviço militar obrigatório existente no Brasil no século XXI. Outra lei de 1874 já havia determinado o sorteio, mas não foi aplicada pela resistência encontrada. Também polêmica, a lei de 1908 foi uma das principais reformas militares da Primeira República e teve efeitos duradouros na relação do Exército com a política e a sociedade brasileiras. Os argumentos de seus defensores permanecem como as justificativas oficiais para o serviço militar obrigatório um século depois. A reforma do recrutamento era causa de oficiais e políticos desde o século XIX. O sistema antigo era violento, ineficiente e fora do controle do Exército. Por ser característico de um poder central fraco, era abusado pelo coronelismo. Como o serviço militar era visto como degradante, o voluntariado não bastava para preencher as fileiras e a polícia prendia a “escória da sociedade” para servir. Os reformistas viam o sorteio militar como a forma mais moderna e racional de recrutamento. Sua referência era a Europa, onde desde a Guerra Franco-Prussiana (1870–1871) os Estados tinham corpos permanentes de oficiais (e alguns praças) e variáveis de praças; os jovens serviam por curtos períodos como soldados e seguiam a uma crescente reserva, que poderia ser rapidamente mobilizada durante uma guerra. Como em tese todas as classes deveriam participar, os exércitos seriam a “nação em armas” e a “escola da nacionalidade”, conferindo unidade nacional. Uma proposta de 1906, elaborada pelo deputado Alcindo Guanabara, foi enfim aprovada em 1908, com apoio entre os oficiais, a classe média urbana e a gestão do marechal Hermes da Fonseca no Ministério da Guerra. Para os militares que discutiam a reforma do Exército e seu fraco desempenho nas campanhas, havia motivos nítidos — preencher os claros no efetivo, formar reservas e não ficar para trás de países como Argentina e Chile, que já haviam implantado o serviço militar obrigatório a partir de 1900. Intelectuais como Olavo Bilac eram mais ambiciosos, vendo nele o nivelamento social e a disciplina e educação das massas, uma “missão civilizadora” a ser conduzida pelos oficiais. A lei foi controversa, sendo oposta por vários ângulos ideológicos e tanto nas grandes cidades quanto no interior. O movimento operário, em especial, fez oposição antimilitarista. A oposição popular, os cortes orçamentários e a perda de interesse da elite civil fizeram com que o sorteio não fosse aplicado de imediato. Somente a repercussão da Primeira Guerra Mundial e uma campanha de relações públicas, com palestras de Olavo Bilac, deu novo fôlego à lei, e o primeiro sorteio foi realizado em dezembro de 1916. Sua implementação estava associada à criação dos Tiros de Guerra, que eram alternativa ao serviço convencional, à reorganização da ordem de batalha, construção de quartéis, suavização da disciplina, extinção da Guarda Nacional e outras transformações. Nas décadas seguintes, o sorteio sofreu com limitações administrativas e a insubmissão — milhares eram sorteados anualmente, mas por anos seguidos a maioria dos convocados não comparecia. A insubmissão só foi resolvida com medidas punitivas, exigindo o certificado de alistamento. Contrariamente às expectativas dos defensores da lei, não houve nivelamento social, e as baixas patentes militares continuaram ocupadas pela classe baixa. Ainda assim, o sorteio teve sucesso em captar recrutas, sua seleção tornou-se mais criteriosa e lentamente a reputação dos soldados melhorou. O efetivo do Exército cresceu de 18 mil em 1915 a 93 mil em 1940, gradativamente fortalecendo o poder central contra as oligarquias locais. O Exército alcançou toda a sociedade e teve maior capacidade de difundir sua visão de mundo. A Marinha e a Força Aérea Brasileira (criada em 1941) aproveitaram-se menos dessa instituição.) aproveitaram-se menos dessa instituição. |
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| http://dbpedia.org/property/caption | Young men anxiously awaiting the results of the military lottery ahead of the lottery balls with their number, 1918 |
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| http://dbpedia.org/property/summary | Regulates enlistment and military lottery and reorganizes the Army |
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| rdfs:comment | A Lei do Sorteio (n.º 1860, de 4 de janeir … A Lei do Sorteio (n.º 1860, de 4 de janeiro de 1908) introduziu o serviço militar obrigatório para as Forças Armadas do Brasil, implantado de fato em 1916, substituindo o recrutamento forçado, o antigo “tributo de sangue”, e permitindo a constituição de uma reserva. O sorteio foi mecanismo de recrutamento de praças de 1916 a 1945, quando foi substituído pela convocação geral por classe, que é o modelo de serviço militar obrigatório existente no Brasil no século XXI. Outra lei de 1874 já havia determinado o sorteio, mas não foi aplicada pela resistência encontrada. Também polêmica, a lei de 1908 foi uma das principais reformas militares da Primeira República e teve efeitos duradouros na relação do Exército com a política e a sociedade brasileiras. Os argumentos de seus defensores permanecems argumentos de seus defensores permanecem , The Sortition Law (Portuguese: Lei do Sort … The Sortition Law (Portuguese: Lei do Sorteio), officially Law No. 1,860 of 4 January 1908, introduced compulsory military service for the Brazilian Armed Forces. It was approved in 1906 but only de facto implemented in 1916, replacing forced recruitment - the antiquated "blood tribute" - and allowing the constitution of a reserve. Sortition or draft lottery was the mechanism used for recruiting soldiers from 1916 to 1945, when it was replaced by general class call, which is the system of mandatory military service in 21st century-Brazil. Though controversial at the time, the law was one of the major military reforms of the First Brazilian Republic and had lasting effects on the Brazilian Army's relationship with Brazilian politics and society. An earlier law of 1874 had already introducedearlier law of 1874 had already introduced |
| rdfs:label | Lei do Sorteio , Sortition Law |
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