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The Muslim conquests of Afghanistan began … The Muslim conquests of Afghanistan began during the Muslim conquest of Persia as the Arab Muslims migrated eastwards to Khorasan, Sistan and Transoxiana. Fifteen years after the Battle of Nahāvand in 642 AD, they controlled all Sasanian domains except in Afghanistan. Fuller Islamization was not achieved until the period between 10th and 12th centuries under Ghaznavid and Ghurid dynasty's rule who patronized Muslim religious institutions. Khorasan and Sistan, where Zoroastrianism was well-established, were conquered. The Arabs had begun to move towards the lands east of Persia and in 652 AD they captured the city of Herat, establishing an Arab governor there. The Muslim frontier in modern Afghanistan had become stabilized after the first century of Hijri calendar as the relative importance of the Afghan areas diminished. From historical evidence, it appears Tokharistan (Bactria) was the only area heavily conquered by Arabs where Buddhism flourished. Balkh's final conquest was undertaken by Qutayba ibn Muslim in 705. Hui'Chao, who visited around 726, mentions that the Arabs ruled it and all the inhabitants were Buddhists. The eastern regions of Afghanistan were at times considered politically as parts of India. Buddhism and Hinduism held sway over the region until the Muslim conquest. Kabul and Zabulistan which housed Buddhism and other Indian religions, offered stiff resistance to the early Muslim advance. Nevertheless, the Arab Umayyads regularly claimed nominal overlordship over the Zunbils and Kabul Shahis, and in 711 Qutayba ibn Muslim managed to force them to pay tribute. They would also be conquered by the Saffarids and Ghaznavids. The Caliph Al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833 AD) was paid double the tribute by the Rutbil. His were the last Arab expeditions on Kabul and Zabul. The king of Kabul was captured by him and converted to Islam. The last Zunbil was killed by Ya'qub bin al-Layth along with his former overlord Salih b. al-Nadr in 865. Meanwhile, the Hindu Shahi of Kabul were defeated under Mahmud of Ghazni. Indian soldiers were a part of the Ghaznavid army, Baihaki mentioned Hindu officers employed by Ma'sud. The 14th-century Muslim scholar Ibn Battuta described the Hindu Kush as meaning "slayer of Indians", because large numbers of slaves brought from India died from its treacherous weather. The geographer Ya'qubi states that the rulers of Bamiyan, called the Sher, converted in the late 8th century. Ya'qub is recorded as having plundered its pagan idols in 870 while a much later historian Shabankara'i claims that Alp-Tegin obtained conversion of its ruler in 962. No permanent Arab control was established in Ghur and it became Islamised after Ghaznavid raids. By the time of Bahram-Shah, Ghur was converted and politically united. In the late 15th century, Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, arrived from Fergana and captured Kabul from the Arghun dynasty. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb ruled parts of the eastern territory. The Pashtun habitat during their conquest by Mahmud was located in the Sulaiman Mountains in the south of Afghanistan. They were enlisted by both Sabuktigin and Mahmud according to Tarikh-i-Yamini. Prior to Pashtun migration to the Kabul River valley, Tajiks formed the dominant population of Kabul, Nangarhar, Logar Valley and Laghman in east Afghanistan. The Pashtuns later began migrating westward from Sulaiman Mountains in the south, and displaced or subjugated the indigenous populations such as Tajiks, Hazaras, the Farsiwanis, before or during 16th and 17th centuries. The successive wave of Pashtun immigration displaced the original Kafir and Pashayi people from the Kunar Valley and Laghman Valley, the two eastern provinces near Jalalabad, to the less fertile mountains. Before their conversion, the Kafir people of Kafiristan practiced a form of ancient Hinduism infused with locally developed accretions. The region from Nuristan to Kashmir was host to a vast number of "Kafir" cultures. They were called Kafirs due to their enduring paganism, remaining politically independent until being conquered and forcibly converted by Afghan Amir Abdul Rahman Khan in 1895–1896 while others also converted to avoid paying jizya.hers also converted to avoid paying jizya.
, Арабское вторжение в Афганистан — военные походы арабских войск в Афганистан в ходе арабских завоеваний VII—VIII веков.
, Penaklukan Afganistan oleh Islam (642–870) … Penaklukan Afganistan oleh Islam (642–870) adalah proses dikuasainya Afghanistan oleh bangsa Arab Muslim. Penaklukan ini dimulai pada pertengahan abad ke-7 setelah penaklukan Islam di Persia selesai, ketika pasukan Muslim mengalahkan Kekaisaran Sassaniyah pada Pertempuran Walaja, Pertempuran Qadisiyyah dan Pertempuran Nahavand. Pasukan Arab Muslim lalu mulai bergerak menuju daerah di sebelah timur Persia dan pada tahun 642 menaklukan kota Herat. Pada tahun 667 daerah Afghan diserang oleh Arab namun pada tahun 683 Kabul memberontak dan berhasil mengusir pasukan Arab yang dipimpin oleh Gubernur Seistan. Baru pada tahun 870 Kabul dan Afgahn sepenuhnya dikuasai oleh Arab. Peralihan agama orang-orang Afghanistan menjadi Islam terjadi selama periode Ghaznawiyah, sekitar abad ke-11.a periode Ghaznawiyah, sekitar abad ke-11.
, Las conquistas musulmanas de Afganistán co … Las conquistas musulmanas de Afganistán comenzaron durante la conquista musulmana de Persia cuando los musulmanes árabes emigraron hacia el este a Jorasán, Sistán y Transoxiana, después de quince años de la batalla de Nahāvand, controlaron todos los dominios de Sasán, excepto el sur y el este de Afganistán. La islamización completa no se logró hasta el período comprendido entre el siglo X y el XII bajo las dinastías de los Gaznávidas y de los Gúridas que patrocinaron las instituciones religiosas musulmanas. Jorasán y Sistán, donde el zoroastrismo estaba bien establecido, fueron conquistados. Los árabes habían comenzado a moverse hacia las tierras al este de Persia y en el año 652 capturaron la ciudad de Herat, estableciendo allí un gobernador árabe. La frontera musulmana en el Afganistán moderno se había estabilizado después del primer siglo del calendario de la Hégira a medida que disminuía la importancia relativa de las áreas afganas. Según la evidencia histórica, parece que Tocaristán (Bactria) fue la única área fuertemente conquistada por los árabes donde floreció el budismo. Cabe mencionar que la conquista final de Balj fue emprendida por Qutayba ibn Muslim en el año 705. Hui'Chao, quien la visitó alrededor del 726, menciona que los árabes la gobernaban y que todos los habitantes eran budistas. En ocasiones, las regiones orientales de Afganistán se consideraron políticamente parte de la India. El budismo y el hinduismo dominaron la región hasta la conquista musulmana. Kabul y , que albergaban el budismo y otras religiones indias, ofrecieron una dura resistencia al avance musulmán durante dos siglos, y los Shahis de Kabul y los Zunbiles permanecieron invictos hasta las conquistas de los Safáridas y Gaznávidas. La importancia del reino de Zun y sus gobernantes, Zunbiles, se habían puesto en ellos bloqueando el camino de los árabes para invadir el valle del Indo. El califa Al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833 d. C.) recibió el doble del tributo de los Rutbil. Las suyas fueron las últimas expediciones árabes en Kabul y Zabul. El rey de Kabul fue capturado por él y convertido al islam. El último Zunbil fue asesinado por Ya'qub bin al-Layth junto con su antiguo señor Salih b. al-Nadr en 865. Mientras tanto, los Shahis hindúes de Kabul fueron derrotados bajo Mahmud de Ghazni. Los soldados indios eran parte del ejército gaznávida, Baihaki mencionó a los oficiales hindúes empleados por Ma'sud. El erudito musulmán del siglo XIV Ibn Battuta describió el Hindu Kush como "asesino de indios", porque un gran número de esclavos traídos de la India murieron a causa de su clima traicionero. El geógrafo Ya'qubi afirma que los gobernantes de Bamiyán, llamados Sher, se convirtieron a finales del siglo VIII. Se registra que Ya'qub saqueó sus ídolos paganos en 870, mientras que el historiador mucho más posterior Shabankara'i afirma que Alp-Tegin obtuvo la conversión de su gobernante en 962. No se estableció ningún control árabe permanente en Ghur y se islamizó después de las razias gaznávidas. En la época de Bahram-Shah, Ghur se convirtió y se unió políticamente. A finales del siglo XV, Babur, el fundador del Imperio Mogol, llegó de Ferganá y capturó Kabul de manos de la dinastía Arghun. Entre los siglos XVI y XVIII, el emperador mogol Shah Jahan y Aurangzeb gobernaron partes del territorio oriental. El hábitat afgano durante su conquista por Mahmud estaba ubicado en las montañas Sulaiman en el sur de Afganistán. Fueron reclutados tanto por Sabuktigin como por Mahmud según Tarikh-i-Yamini. Antes de la migración pastún al valle del río Kabul, los tayikos formaban la población dominante de Kabul, Nangarhar, el valle de Logar y Laghman en el este de Afganistán. Los pastunes más tarde comenzaron a migrar hacia el oeste desde las montañas de Sulaiman en el sur, y desplazaron o subyugaron a las poblaciones indígenas como los tayikos, gazaras o los farsiwanis, antes o durante los siglos XVI y XVII. La sucesiva ola de inmigración pastún desplazó a los pueblos kafir y pashayi originales del valle de Kunar y del valle de Laghman, las dos provincias orientales cercanas a Jalalabad, a las montañas menos fértiles. Antes de su conversión, el pueblo kafir de Kafiristán practicaba una forma de hinduismo antiguo infundido con acreciones desarrolladas localmente. La región de Nuristán a Cachemira (llamada Peristán por A. M. Cacopardo) fue sede de una gran cantidad de culturas "Kafir". Fueron llamados Kafirs debido a su paganismo perdurable, permaneciendo políticamente independientes hasta que fueron conquistados y convertidos por la fuerza por el afgano Amir Abdul Rahman Khan en 1895-1896, mientras que otros también se convirtieron para evitar pagar la yizia o impuesto a los no musulmanes.la yizia o impuesto a los no musulmanes.
, الفتح الإسلامي لأفغانستان هي سلسلة من المعارك العسكرية التي بدأت بعد الفتح الإسلامي لفارس بعدما هاجر المسلمون العرب شرقا إلى خراسان، سيستان وما وراء النهر.15 سنة بعد معركة نهاوند، سيطروا على جميع المعاقل الساسانية باستثناء أجزاء من أفغانستان ومكران.
, A conquista islâmica do Afeganistão (642-8 … A conquista islâmica do Afeganistão (642-870) começou em meados do século VII após a conquista islâmica da Pérsia ter sido concluída, quando os árabes muçulmanos derrotaram o Império Sassânida nas batalhas de , Cadésia e . Os árabes muçulmanos, em seguida, começaram a mover-se em direção às terras ao leste da Pérsia e em 642, conquistaram a cidade de Herate. Em meados de 667, a área esteve sob invasão do Afeganistão pelos árabes, mas em 683, Cabul se revoltou e derrotou completamente o exército invasor, que era liderado pelo Governador do Sistão. Somente em 870, Cabul e a área afegã foram conquistadas pelos árabes. A conversão completa do Afeganistão ao Islã ocorreu durante o domínio do Império Gasnévida, ou no Século XI.nio do Império Gasnévida, ou no Século XI.
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He [ Talha ] appointed as his successor as his man from the Banu Yashkur [ scions of Bakr ], but the Mudari group expelled him; factional strife broke out, each group seizing a town for itself, so that the Zunbil became tempted to intervene there.
, After this I proceeded to the city of Barw … After this I proceeded to the city of Barwan, in the road to which is a high mountain, covered with snow and exceedingly cold; they call it the Hindu Kush, that is Hindu-slayer, because most of the slaves brought thither from India die on account of the intenseness of the cold.on account of the intenseness of the cold.
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Penaklukan Afganistan oleh Islam (642–870) … Penaklukan Afganistan oleh Islam (642–870) adalah proses dikuasainya Afghanistan oleh bangsa Arab Muslim. Penaklukan ini dimulai pada pertengahan abad ke-7 setelah penaklukan Islam di Persia selesai, ketika pasukan Muslim mengalahkan Kekaisaran Sassaniyah pada Pertempuran Walaja, Pertempuran Qadisiyyah dan Pertempuran Nahavand. Pasukan Arab Muslim lalu mulai bergerak menuju daerah di sebelah timur Persia dan pada tahun 642 menaklukan kota Herat. Pada tahun 667 daerah Afghan diserang oleh Arab namun pada tahun 683 Kabul memberontak dan berhasil mengusir pasukan Arab yang dipimpin oleh Gubernur Seistan. Baru pada tahun 870 Kabul dan Afgahn sepenuhnya dikuasai oleh Arab. Peralihan agama orang-orang Afghanistan menjadi Islam terjadi selama periode Ghaznawiyah, sekitar abad ke-11.a periode Ghaznawiyah, sekitar abad ke-11.
, Арабское вторжение в Афганистан — военные походы арабских войск в Афганистан в ходе арабских завоеваний VII—VIII веков.
, الفتح الإسلامي لأفغانستان هي سلسلة من المعارك العسكرية التي بدأت بعد الفتح الإسلامي لفارس بعدما هاجر المسلمون العرب شرقا إلى خراسان، سيستان وما وراء النهر.15 سنة بعد معركة نهاوند، سيطروا على جميع المعاقل الساسانية باستثناء أجزاء من أفغانستان ومكران.
, Las conquistas musulmanas de Afganistán co … Las conquistas musulmanas de Afganistán comenzaron durante la conquista musulmana de Persia cuando los musulmanes árabes emigraron hacia el este a Jorasán, Sistán y Transoxiana, después de quince años de la batalla de Nahāvand, controlaron todos los dominios de Sasán, excepto el sur y el este de Afganistán. La islamización completa no se logró hasta el período comprendido entre el siglo X y el XII bajo las dinastías de los Gaznávidas y de los Gúridas que patrocinaron las instituciones religiosas musulmanas. las instituciones religiosas musulmanas.
, A conquista islâmica do Afeganistão (642-8 … A conquista islâmica do Afeganistão (642-870) começou em meados do século VII após a conquista islâmica da Pérsia ter sido concluída, quando os árabes muçulmanos derrotaram o Império Sassânida nas batalhas de , Cadésia e . Os árabes muçulmanos, em seguida, começaram a mover-se em direção às terras ao leste da Pérsia e em 642, conquistaram a cidade de Herate. Em meados de 667, a área esteve sob invasão do Afeganistão pelos árabes, mas em 683, Cabul se revoltou e derrotou completamente o exército invasor, que era liderado pelo Governador do Sistão. Somente em 870, Cabul e a área afegã foram conquistadas pelos árabes. A conversão completa do Afeganistão ao Islã ocorreu durante o domínio do Império Gasnévida, ou no Século XI.nio do Império Gasnévida, ou no Século XI.
, The Muslim conquests of Afghanistan began … The Muslim conquests of Afghanistan began during the Muslim conquest of Persia as the Arab Muslims migrated eastwards to Khorasan, Sistan and Transoxiana. Fifteen years after the Battle of Nahāvand in 642 AD, they controlled all Sasanian domains except in Afghanistan. Fuller Islamization was not achieved until the period between 10th and 12th centuries under Ghaznavid and Ghurid dynasty's rule who patronized Muslim religious institutions. patronized Muslim religious institutions.
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| rdfs:label |
Muslim conquests of Afghanistan
, الفتح الإسلامي لأفغانستان
, Conquistas musulmanas de Afganistán
, Penaklukan Afganistan oleh Islam
, Conquista islâmica do Afeganistão
, Арабское вторжение в Афганистан
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| rdfs:seeAlso |
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Anarchy_at_Samarra +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Rashidun_Caliphate +
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