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يسبق تاريخ المرأة في الهندسة تطور مهنة اله … يسبق تاريخ المرأة في الهندسة تطور مهنة الهندسة. سعت النساء ذوات المهارات الهندسية -قبل أن تُعتبر الهندسة مهنة رسمية- في كثير من الأحيان إلى الاعتراف بهن كمخترعات، مثل هيباتيا في الإسكندرية (350 أو 370-415 ميلادي)، والتي يُنسب لها اختراع مقياس الهايدرومتر. كانت هناك العديد من النساء المسلمات -خلال الفترة الذهبية الإسلامية من القرن الثامن حتى القرن الخامس عشر- اللاتي كنّ مخترعات ومهندسات، مثل عالمة الفلك مريم الأسطرلابي في القرن العاشر. حصلت النساء اللاتي أنجزن أعمالًا هندسية غالبًا، على تدريب أكاديمي في الرياضيات والعلوم، في القرن التاسع عشر، على الرغم من بقاء الكثيرات منهن غير مؤهلات للتخرج بشهادة في الهندسة، مثل آدا لوفيلاس أو هرثا ماركس أيرتون. كانت ريتا دي مورايس سارمينتو، واحدة من أولى النساء في أوروبا اللاتي حصلن على شهادة جامعية في الهندسة عام 1896. حصلت كل من إليزابيث براغ (1876) وجوليا مورغان (1894)، على درجة البكالوريوس في هذا المجال، في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في جامعة كاليفورنيا في بيركلي. قُبل عدد قليل من النساء في البرامج الهندسية، في السنوات الأولى من القرن العشرين، لكن نُظر إليهن بغرابة من قبل نظرائهن الذكور. كانت أليس بيري (1906) وإليزا ليونيدا زامفيريسكو (1912) من أوائل الأوروبيات اللاتي حصلن على شهادة في الهندسة. أحدث دخول الولايات المتحدة إلى الحرب العالمية الثانية، نقصًا خطيرًا في المواهب الهندسية، إذ جُنّد الرجال في القوات المسلحة. كان التدريب الهندسي أثناء العمل جي إي، للنساء الحاصلات على شهادات في الرياضيات والفيزياء، وكان للبرنامج الهندسي كورتيس رايت «متدربات كورتيس رايت» مثل، روزيلا فنتون. عقدت الشركة شراكة مع جامعة كورنيل، وجامعة ولاية بنسلفانيا، وجامعة بوردو، وجامعة مينيسوتا، وجامعة تكساس، ومعهد رنسيلير للعلوم التطبيقية، وجامعة ولاية أيوا، لإنشاء منهاج دراسي هندسي، سجل في نهاية المطاف أكثر من 600 امرأة. استمرت الدورة عشرة أشهر وركزت بشكل أساسي على تصميم الطائرات وعملية الإنتاج. اختيرت كاثلين ماكنولتي (1921-2006) لتكون واحدة من المبرمجين الأصليين لأول حاسوب إلكتروني للأغراض العامة إينياك. وبدأ معهد جورجيا التقني في تسجيل الطالبات لدراسة الهندسة في عام 1952. وخرّج معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا (إم آي تي) أول طالبة له إيلين سوالوا ريتشاردز (1842-1911) في عام 1873. بينما بدأت جامعة بولي التقنية في باريس بتسجيل الطالبات للدراسة في عام 1972. ارتفع عدد شهادات البكالوريوس في الآداب والعلوم الممنوحة للنساء في الولايات المتحدة بنسبة 45% بين عامي 1980 و1994. وانخفض مع ذلك بين عامي 1984 و1994، عدد النساء اللاتي تخرجن بدرجة بكالوريوس في العلوم أو بشهادة جامعية أولى، في علوم الحاسوب بنسبة 23%.دة جامعية أولى، في علوم الحاسوب بنسبة 23%.
, Il y a des femmes ingénieures depuis aussi longtemps qu'il y a des hommes ingénieurs[réf. nécessaire]. De nos jours, elles sont passées d'un nombre anecdotique à une minorité très active .
, The history of women in engineering predat … The history of women in engineering predates the development of the profession of engineering. Before engineering was recognized as a formal profession, women with engineering skills often sought recognition as inventors. During the Islamic Golden Period from the 8th century until the 15th century there were many Muslim women who were inventors and engineers, such as the 10th-century astrolabe maker Al-ʻIjliyyah. In the 19th century, women who performed engineering work often had academic training in mathematics or science, although many of them were still not eligible to graduate with a degree in engineering, such as Ada Lovelace or Hertha Marks Ayrton. Rita de Morais Sarmento was one of the first women in Europe to be certified with an academic degree in engineering in 1896. In the United States at the University of California, Berkeley, however, both Elizabeth Bragg (1876) and Julia Morgan (1894) already had received their bachelor's degree in that field. In the early years of the 20th century, a few women were admitted to engineering programs, but they were generally looked upon as curiosities by their male counterparts. Alice Perry (1906), Cécile Butticaz (1907), and Elisa Leonida Zamfirescu (1912) and Nina Cameron Graham (1912) were some of the first European to graduate with a degree in engineering. The entry of the United States into World War II created a serious shortage of engineering talent in America as men were drafted into the armed forces. The GE on-the-job engineering training for women with degrees in mathematics and physics, and the Curtiss-Wright Engineering Program had "Curtiss-Wright Cadettes" ("Engineering Cadettes", e.g., Rosella Fenton). The company partnered with Cornell, Penn State, Purdue, the University of Minnesota, the University of Texas, RPI, and Iowa State University to create an engineering curriculum that eventually enrolled over 600 women. The course lasted ten months and focused primarily on aircraft design and production. Kathleen McNulty (1921–2006), was selected to be one of the original programmers of the ENIAC. Georgia Tech began to admit women engineering students in 1952. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) had graduated its first female student, Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911), in 1873. The École Polytechnique in Paris first began to admit women students in 1972. The number of BA/BS degrees in engineering awarded to women in the U.S. increased by 45 percent between 1980 and 1994. However, from 1984 to 1994, the number of women graduating with a BA or BS degree in computer science decreased by 23 percent. The Afghan Girls Robotics Team made history in 2017, following their love of engineering and robotics to take part in the FIRST Global Challenge in Washington DC. Members of the team, aged 12 to 18, overcame war and other hardships in the quest for national pride and as a symbol of a more Progressive Afghanistan. But the overthrowing of the Afghanistan government by the Taliban in August 2021 left the girls on the team fearful for their safety. On 21 August 2021 it was reported that nine Afghan girl robotics team members were safe in Qatar, having made it out of Kabul. The girls on the team were offered scholarships at 'incredible universities' to pursue their careers in robotics and engineering.their careers in robotics and engineering.
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, http://dbpedia.org/resource/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Mary_Irvine_%28engineer%29 +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Sal%2C_Cape_Verde +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Nora_Stanton_Blatch_Barney +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/National_University_of_La_Plata +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Alice_Perry +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Rachel_Shalon +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Women_in_technology +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Hattie_Scott_Peterson +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Steria +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Uruguay +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Newport_News +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Cape_Canaveral +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Ruth_Lichterman +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/International_Conference_of_Women_Engineers_and_Scientists +
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| http://dbpedia.org/property/date
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July 2013
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| http://dbpedia.org/property/reason
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What did she pioneer?
, This anecdote that she took an engineering assistant course and earning 3 EE degrees doesn't seem to be wikinotable—what did Estrin DO AS AN ENGINEER?
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Women%27s_history +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:History_of_engineering +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Women_in_engineering +
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_women_in_engineering?oldid=1118894041&ns=0 +
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2009_Bay_Area_Maker_Faire_-_Jeri.jpg +
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_women_in_engineering +
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, http://fr.dbpedia.org/resource/Histoire_des_femmes_en_ing%C3%A9nierie +
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, http://bn.dbpedia.org/resource/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8 +
, http://gl.dbpedia.org/resource/Historia_das_mulleres_na_enxe%C3%B1ar%C3%ADa +
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, http://dbpedia.org/resource/History_of_women_in_engineering +
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| rdfs:comment |
Il y a des femmes ingénieures depuis aussi longtemps qu'il y a des hommes ingénieurs[réf. nécessaire]. De nos jours, elles sont passées d'un nombre anecdotique à une minorité très active .
, The history of women in engineering predat … The history of women in engineering predates the development of the profession of engineering. Before engineering was recognized as a formal profession, women with engineering skills often sought recognition as inventors. During the Islamic Golden Period from the 8th century until the 15th century there were many Muslim women who were inventors and engineers, such as the 10th-century astrolabe maker Al-ʻIjliyyah.10th-century astrolabe maker Al-ʻIjliyyah.
, يسبق تاريخ المرأة في الهندسة تطور مهنة اله … يسبق تاريخ المرأة في الهندسة تطور مهنة الهندسة. سعت النساء ذوات المهارات الهندسية -قبل أن تُعتبر الهندسة مهنة رسمية- في كثير من الأحيان إلى الاعتراف بهن كمخترعات، مثل هيباتيا في الإسكندرية (350 أو 370-415 ميلادي)، والتي يُنسب لها اختراع مقياس الهايدرومتر. كانت هناك العديد من النساء المسلمات -خلال الفترة الذهبية الإسلامية من القرن الثامن حتى القرن الخامس عشر- اللاتي كنّ مخترعات ومهندسات، مثل عالمة الفلك مريم الأسطرلابي في القرن العاشر.لمة الفلك مريم الأسطرلابي في القرن العاشر.
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| rdfs:label |
History of women in engineering
, Histoire des femmes en ingénierie
, تاريخ المرأة في الهندسة
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Engineering +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/History_of_women +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/The_United_Kingdom +
|
