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The idea that matter consists of smaller p … The idea that matter consists of smaller particles and that there exists a limited number of sorts of primary, smallest particles in nature has existed in natural philosophy at least since the 6th century BC. Such ideas gained physical credibility beginning in the 19th century, but the concept of "elementary particle" underwent some changes in its meaning: notably, modern physics no longer deems elementary particles indestructible. Even elementary particles can decay or collide destructively; they can cease to exist and create (other) particles in result. Increasingly small particles have been discovered and researched: they include molecules, which are constructed of atoms, that in turn consist of subatomic particles, namely atomic nuclei and electrons. Many more types of subatomic particles have been found. Most such particles (but not electrons) were eventually found to be composed of even smaller particles such as quarks. Particle physics studies these smallest particles and their behaviour under high energies, whereas nuclear physics studies atomic nuclei and their (immediate) constituents: protons and neutrons.diate) constituents: protons and neutrons.
, وُجدت الفكرة القائلة إن المادة تتكون من جس … وُجدت الفكرة القائلة إن المادة تتكون من جسيمات أصغر منها، وإنه هناك عدد محدود من أنواع الجسيمات الأساسية الأصغر حجمًا في الطبيعة، في الفلسفة الطبيعية منذ القرن السادس قبل الميلاد على الأقل. اكتسبت مثل هذه الأفكار مصداقية فيزيائية بدأت في القرن التاسع عشر، أما مفهوم «الجسيم الثانوي»، فقد خضع لبعض التغيرات في معناه: بشكل خاص، لم تعد الفيزياء الحديثة تعتبر الجسيمات الثانوية غير قابلة للتلف. حتى الجسيمات الأولية من الممكن أن تضمحل أو تصطدم ببعضها بطريقة تدمرها؛ قد تنتهي حياة تلك الجسيمات وتكوّن في النتيجة جسيمات (أخرى). اكتُشفت الجسيمات الصغيرة وأُجريت أبحاث عنها بصورة متزايدة: تشمل هذه الجسيمات الجزيئات، التي تتكون من ذرات، والتي تحتوي بدورها على جسيمات دون ذرية، أي النوى الذرية والإلكترونات. اكتُشفت أنواع عديدة أخرى من الجسيمات دون الذرية. وُجد في النهاية أن معظم هذه الجسيمات (عدا الإلكترونات) تتشكل من جسيمات أصغر منها مثل الكواركات. تدرس فيزياء الجسيمات هذه الجسيمات الأصغر حجمًا وسلوكها تحت الطاقات العالية، فيما تدرس الفيزياء النووية النوى الذرية ومكوناتها (المباشرة): البروتونات والنيوترونات.ناتها (المباشرة): البروتونات والنيوترونات.
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وُجدت الفكرة القائلة إن المادة تتكون من جس … وُجدت الفكرة القائلة إن المادة تتكون من جسيمات أصغر منها، وإنه هناك عدد محدود من أنواع الجسيمات الأساسية الأصغر حجمًا في الطبيعة، في الفلسفة الطبيعية منذ القرن السادس قبل الميلاد على الأقل. اكتسبت مثل هذه الأفكار مصداقية فيزيائية بدأت في القرن التاسع عشر، أما مفهوم «الجسيم الثانوي»، فقد خضع لبعض التغيرات في معناه: بشكل خاص، لم تعد الفيزياء الحديثة تعتبر الجسيمات الثانوية غير قابلة للتلف. حتى الجسيمات الأولية من الممكن أن تضمحل أو تصطدم ببعضها بطريقة تدمرها؛ قد تنتهي حياة تلك الجسيمات وتكوّن في النتيجة جسيمات (أخرى). الجسيمات وتكوّن في النتيجة جسيمات (أخرى).
, The idea that matter consists of smaller p … The idea that matter consists of smaller particles and that there exists a limited number of sorts of primary, smallest particles in nature has existed in natural philosophy at least since the 6th century BC. Such ideas gained physical credibility beginning in the 19th century, but the concept of "elementary particle" underwent some changes in its meaning: notably, modern physics no longer deems elementary particles indestructible. Even elementary particles can decay or collide destructively; they can cease to exist and create (other) particles in result.st and create (other) particles in result.
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تاريخ الفيزياء دون الذرية
, History of subatomic physics
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