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Иерархия жанров, высокие и низкие роды жив … Иерархия жанров, высокие и низкие роды живописи — систематизация различных жанров изобразительного искусства по их значимости. Наиболее известной являлась иерархия жанров живописи, созданная французской в период классицизма. Главными жанрами считались (по убыванию): историческая живопись, портрет, жанровая живопись, пейзаж и натюрморт. Данная иерархия на протяжении XVII—XIX веков была основополагающей для академической живописи. В качестве бунта против неё во 2-й половине XIX века возникли движения передвижников (Россия), импрессионистов (Франция) и прерафаэлитов (Англия).нистов (Франция) и прерафаэлитов (Англия).
, Uma hierarquia de gêneros é qualquer forma … Uma hierarquia de gêneros é qualquer formalização que ordena, segundo o seu valor ou categoria, diferentes tipos ou gêneros de pintura. As hierarquias mais conhecidos são sustentadas pelas academias europeias entre o século XVII e a idade moderna, e dessas a hierarquia para os gêneros da pintura realizados na Academia Francesa, que desempenhou um papel central na arte acadêmica. Tomando como base a hierarquia classificada como mais nobre à menos nobre, temos os seguintes gêneros:
* Pintura de história (grande gênero)
* Pintura de gênero (gênero ou pequeno gênero): representação de cenas da vida cotidiana
* Retrato
* Arte de paisagens
* Natureza-mortaato
* Arte de paisagens
* Natureza-morta
, Dans la peinture académique, la hiérarchie … Dans la peinture académique, la hiérarchie des genres classait les genres picturaux, plaçant au sommet la peinture d'histoire, et par échelons décroissants les autres spécialités : 1.
* la peinture d'histoire, 2.
* le portrait, 3.
* la scène de genre, 4.
* le paysage, 5.
* la nature morte. Seuls les membres de l'Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture reçus comme peintres d'histoire avaient droit à enseigner.tres d'histoire avaient droit à enseigner.
, A hierarchy of genres is any formalization … A hierarchy of genres is any formalization which ranks different genres in an art form in terms of their prestige and cultural value. In literature, the epic was considered the highest form, for the reason expressed by Samuel Johnson in his Life of John Milton: "By the general consent of criticks, the first praise of genius is due to the writer of an epick poem, as it requires an assemblage of all the powers which are singly sufficient for other compositions." Below that came lyric poetry, and comic poetry, with a similar ranking for drama. The novel took a long time to establish a firm place in the hierarchy, doing so only as belief in any systematic hierarchy of forms expired in the 19th century. In music, settings of words were accorded a higher status than merely instrumental works, at least until the Baroque period, and opera retained a superior status for much longer. The status of works also varies with the number of players and singers involved, with those for large forces, which are certainly more difficult to write and more expensive to perform, given higher status. Any element of comedy reduced the status of a work, though, as in other art forms, often increasing its popularity. The hierarchies in figurative art are those initially formulated for painting in 16th-century Italy, which held sway with little alteration until the early 19th century. These were formalized and promoted by the academies in Europe between the 17th century and the modern era, of which the most influential became the French Académie de peinture et de sculpture, which held a central role in Academic art. The fully developed hierarchy distinguished between:
* History painting, including historically important, religious, mythological, or allegorical subjects
* Portrait painting
* Genre painting or scenes of everyday life
* Landscape and cityscape art (landscapists were called "common footmen in the Army of Art" by the Dutch theorist Samuel van Hoogstraten)
* Animal painting
* Still life The hierarchy was based on a distinction between art that made an intellectual effort to "render visible the universal essence of things" (imitare in Italian) and that which merely consisted of "mechanical copying of particular appearances" (ritrarre). Idealism was privileged over realism in line with Renaissance Neo-Platonist philosophy. The term is mostly used within the field of painting, and from the High Renaissance onwards, by which time painting had asserted itself as the highest form of art. This had not been the case in Medieval art and the art-commissioning sectors of society took a considerable period to fully accept this view. The Raphael Cartoons are a clear example of the continuing status of tapestry, the most expensive form of art in the 16th century. In the Early Medieval period lavish pieces of metalwork had typically been the most highly regarded, and valuable materials remained an important ingredient in the appreciation of art until at least the 17th century. Until the 19th century the most extravagant objets d'art remained more expensive, both new and on the art market, than all but a few paintings. Classical writings which valued the supreme skills of individual artists were influential, as well as developments in art which allowed the Renaissance artist to demonstrate their skill and invention to a greater degree than was usually possible in the Middle Ages.n was usually possible in the Middle Ages.
, La gerarchia dei generi è una formalizzazione che elenca diversi generi nell'arte in termini di prestigio e valore culturale.
, Una jerarquia de gèneres és qualsevol form … Una jerarquia de gèneres és qualsevol formalització que ordena segons el seu valor o categoria diferents tipus de gèneres artístics. Les jerarquies més conegudes són sustentades per les acadèmies europees entre el segle xvii i l'edat moderna, en els gèneres pictòrics va tenir preponderància la jerarquia proposada per l'Acadèmia francesa que ocupava un paper central en l'art acadèmic. L'any 1667, André Félibien historiògraf, arquitecte i teoric del classicisme francès en un pròleg de les Conferències de l'Acadèmia codifica la pintura clàssica, per temes pictòrics: "la història, el retrat, el paisatge, els mars, les flors i els fruits". Reproduïm aquí en francès de l'època: "Celui qui fait parfaitement des païsages est au-dessus d'un autre qui ne fait que des fruits, des fleurs ou des coquilles. Celui qui peint des animaux vivans est plus estimable que ceux qui ne représentent que des choses mortes & sans mouvement; & comme la figure de l'homme est le plus parfait ouvrage de Dieu sur la Terre, il est certain aussi que celui qui se rend l'imitateur de Dieu en peignant des figures humaines, est beaucoup plus excellent que tous les autres ... un Peintre qui ne fait que des portraits, n'a pas encore cette haute perfection de l'Art, & ne peut prétendre à l'honneur que reçoivent les plus sçavans. Il faut pour cela passer d'une seule figure à la représentation de plusieurs ensemble; il faut traiter l'histoire & la fable; il faut représenter de grandes actions comme les historiens, ou des sujets agréables comme les Poëtes; & montant encore plus haut, il faut par des compositions allégoriques, sçavoir couvrir sous le voile de la fable les vertus des grands hommes, & les mystères les plus relevez." Aquesta jerarquia sobretot tenia sentit per a l'Acadèmia. Els particulars es preocupaven bàsicament de fer pintar el seu retrat. El públic prestarà cada cop menys atenció a les normes acadèmiques, i al segle xix, el paisatge triomfarà, fins i tot en les comandes d'Estat. El 1850, el "paisatge campestre" (escena natural que suscita una emoció a l'artista, i aquest vol transmetre a l'espectador) es torna preponderant en relació amb "paisatge heroic" (en el qual es desenvolupa una escena històrica o mitològica). Basant-se en aquella jerarquia classifiquem de més noble a menys els següents gèneres:
* Pintura d'història
* Pintura de gènere
* Retrat
* Paisatge
* Natura mortanere
* Retrat
* Paisatge
* Natura morta
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Una jerarquia de gèneres és qualsevol form … Una jerarquia de gèneres és qualsevol formalització que ordena segons el seu valor o categoria diferents tipus de gèneres artístics. Les jerarquies més conegudes són sustentades per les acadèmies europees entre el segle xvii i l'edat moderna, en els gèneres pictòrics va tenir preponderància la jerarquia proposada per l'Acadèmia francesa que ocupava un paper central en l'art acadèmic. L'any 1667, André Félibien historiògraf, arquitecte i teoric del classicisme francès en un pròleg de les Conferències de l'Acadèmia codifica la pintura clàssica, per temes pictòrics: "la història, el retrat, el paisatge, els mars, les flors i els fruits".isatge, els mars, les flors i els fruits".
, Uma hierarquia de gêneros é qualquer forma … Uma hierarquia de gêneros é qualquer formalização que ordena, segundo o seu valor ou categoria, diferentes tipos ou gêneros de pintura. As hierarquias mais conhecidos são sustentadas pelas academias europeias entre o século XVII e a idade moderna, e dessas a hierarquia para os gêneros da pintura realizados na Academia Francesa, que desempenhou um papel central na arte acadêmica. Tomando como base a hierarquia classificada como mais nobre à menos nobre, temos os seguintes gêneros:à menos nobre, temos os seguintes gêneros:
, Иерархия жанров, высокие и низкие роды жив … Иерархия жанров, высокие и низкие роды живописи — систематизация различных жанров изобразительного искусства по их значимости. Наиболее известной являлась иерархия жанров живописи, созданная французской в период классицизма. Главными жанрами считались (по убыванию): историческая живопись, портрет, жанровая живопись, пейзаж и натюрморт. Данная иерархия на протяжении XVII—XIX веков была основополагающей для академической живописи. В качестве бунта против неё во 2-й половине XIX века возникли движения передвижников (Россия), импрессионистов (Франция) и прерафаэлитов (Англия).нистов (Франция) и прерафаэлитов (Англия).
, Dans la peinture académique, la hiérarchie … Dans la peinture académique, la hiérarchie des genres classait les genres picturaux, plaçant au sommet la peinture d'histoire, et par échelons décroissants les autres spécialités : 1.
* la peinture d'histoire, 2.
* le portrait, 3.
* la scène de genre, 4.
* le paysage, 5.
* la nature morte. Seuls les membres de l'Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture reçus comme peintres d'histoire avaient droit à enseigner.tres d'histoire avaient droit à enseigner.
, A hierarchy of genres is any formalization … A hierarchy of genres is any formalization which ranks different genres in an art form in terms of their prestige and cultural value. In literature, the epic was considered the highest form, for the reason expressed by Samuel Johnson in his Life of John Milton: "By the general consent of criticks, the first praise of genius is due to the writer of an epick poem, as it requires an assemblage of all the powers which are singly sufficient for other compositions." Below that came lyric poetry, and comic poetry, with a similar ranking for drama. The novel took a long time to establish a firm place in the hierarchy, doing so only as belief in any systematic hierarchy of forms expired in the 19th century.rchy of forms expired in the 19th century.
, La gerarchia dei generi è una formalizzazione che elenca diversi generi nell'arte in termini di prestigio e valore culturale.
|
| rdfs:label |
Иерархия жанров
, Gerarchia dei generi
, Jerarquia de gèneres
, Hiérarchie des genres
, Hierarchy of genres
, Hierarquia dos gêneros
|
