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The architecture of Sudan mirrors the geog … The architecture of Sudan mirrors the geographical, ethnic and cultural diversity of the country and its historical periods. The lifestyles and material culture expressed in human settlements, their architecture and economic activities have been shaped by different regional and environmental conditions. In its long documented history, Sudan has been a land of changing and diverse forms of human civilization with important influences from foreign cultures. The earliest known architectural structures and urbanization go back to the eighth millennium BCE. Cultural relations with Sudan's northern neighbour of Ancient Egypt, with which it shared long historical periods of mutual influence, brought about both Egyptian as well as distinctly Nubian settlements with temples and pyramids that emerged in the Kingdom of Kush and its last capital of Meroë. From around 500 CE until circa 1500 CE, Christian kingdoms were thriving in Upper Nubia and southwards along the Nile. They built important cities, known by their flourishing culture, with monasteries, palaces and cities with fortifications and cathedrals, showing influences of Coptic and Byzantine cultures from Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean. Following the growing influence of Arab Muslim migrants from the 7th century onwards, the Christian kingdom of Makuria established the Baqt, a treaty with the Muslim rulers of Egypt allowing Muslims to freely trade and travel. This bought about the first establishment of mosques and cemeteries in Upper Nubia, documented from 1317 CE onwards. From about 1500 CE and up to the early 19th century, the Muslim Sultanates of the Funji and of Darfur established new kingdoms in the southern and western parts of Sudan. Prosperous cities such as Sennar or Al Fashir had buildings for administration and personal housing, agriculture and crafts, worship and trade, - including the slave trade. Located on the southern bank of the Blue Nile, the city of Khartoum developed as the centre of the Turkish-Egyptian state, but was largely destroyed by the Mahdi's followers in 1885, who established their capital in Omdurman across the White Nile. In the early 1900s, Khartoum, was rebuilt by the British administration under Lord Kitchener, following standards of a modern European city. In 2021, greater Khartoum is a metropolis with an estimated population of almost six million people, consisting of Khartoum proper, linked by bridges across the Blue and White Nile with the cities of Khartoum North and Omdurman to the West. The rural landscape of Sudan is still largely characterized by traditional African architecture, but also has undergone important changes in the development of settlements, infrastructure and corresponding architecture during the 19th and 20th centuries.ecture during the 19th and 20th centuries.
, تعكس عمارة السودان التنوع الجغرافي والعرقي … تعكس عمارة السودان التنوع الجغرافي والعرقي والثقافي في البلاد وفتراتها التاريخية. تشكل الظروف الإقليمية والبيئية المختلفة، أساليب الحياة والثقافة المادية المُعبر عنها في المستوطنات البشرية وهيكليتها وأنشطتها الاقتصادية. كانت السودان على مدى تاريخها الموثق الطويل، أرضًا متغيرة ومتنوعة الأشكال من الحضارة الإنسانية مع تأثيرات مهمة من الثقافات الأجنبية. يعود تاريخ أول هياكل معمارية وحضرية معروفة إلى الألفية الثامنة قبل الميلاد. جلبت العلاقات الثقافية مع جارة السودان الشمالية، مصر القديمة، التي تقاسمت معها فترات تاريخية طويلة من التأثير المتبادل، المستوطنات المصرية وكذلك النوبية إلى جانب المعابد والأهرامات التي ظهرت في مملكة كوش وعاصمتها الأخيرة مروي. ازدهرت الممالك المسيحية منذ نحو عام 500 وحتى 1500 من الحقبة العامة، في النوبة العليا وجنوب النيل وعلى امتداده. بنت هذه الممالك مدنًا مهمة، عُرفت بثقافتها المزدهرة من أديرة وقصور ومدن ذات تحصينات وكاتدرائيات، وتظهر تأثيرات الثقافتين القبطية والبيزنطية من مصر وشرق البحر الأبيض المتوسط. بعد التأثير المتزايد للمهاجرين المسلمين العرب من القرن السابع فصاعدًا، أنشأت مملكة المقرة المسيحية معاهدة البقط، وهي معاهدة مع الحكام المسلمين في مصر تسمح للمسلمين من خلالها بالتجارة والسفر بحرية. أسفر هذا عن إنشاء أول المساجد والمقابر في النوبة العليا، موثقة من عام 1317 من الحقبة العامة فصاعدًا. أنشأت سلطنة سنار المسلمة منذ نحو 1500 من الحقبة العامة وحتى أوائل القرن التاسع عشر وسلطنة دارفور، ممالك جديدة في الجنوب والغرب من السودان. كان للمدن المزدهرة مثل سنار والفاشير مبان إدارية ومبان للسكن الخاص وللزراعة والحرف والعبادة والتجارة، بما في ذلك تجارة الرقيق. تقع مدينة الخرطوم على الضفة الجنوبية للنيل الأزرق، وقد تطورت كمركز للدولة التركية المصرية، لكنها دُمرت إلى حد كبير من قبل أتباع المهدي في عام 1885، الذين أسسوا عاصمتهم في أم درمان على امتداد النيل الأبيض. في أوائل القرن العشرين، اُعيد بناء الخرطوم من قبل الإدارة البريطانية تحت قيادة اللورد كيتشنر، متبعة معايير المدينة الأوروبية الحديثة. تُعد الخرطوم الكبرى في عام 2021، حاضرة يقدر عدد سكانها بنحو 6000000 نسمة، تتألف من الخرطوم الأصلية، وتربطها الجسور عبر النيل الأزرق والأبيض مع مدينتي شمال الخرطوم وأم درمان إلى الغرب. ما تزال المشاهد الحضرية الريفية في السودان تتميز إلى حد كبير بصفات العمارة الإفريقية التقليدية، لكنها خضعت أيضًا لتغييرات مهمة لتطوير المستوطنات والبنية التحتية والعمارة المتناظرة خلال القرنين التاسع عشر والعشرين.لمتناظرة خلال القرنين التاسع عشر والعشرين.
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center
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Jean-Pierre Greenlaw
, The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
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Built between the 16th and the 20th centur … Built between the 16th and the 20th centuries, Suakin was a jewel-like example of the special sort of architecture which evolved to suit the conditions around the coasts of the Red Sea. The style consisted of two- or three-storeyed houses with vertical walls pierced by many-shuttered windows and characteristic mashrabiyas, and with roof-terraces on which to sleep in the welcome coolness of the moon- or star-lit evenings. The outside walls of the buildings were white-washed, which set off the mashrabiyas and carved wooden doors which were surmounted by carved stone door-hoods. Its situation on a flat island in a lagoon provided a setting which gave it a unique beauty.d a setting which gave it a unique beauty.
, The traditional, rectangular or square box … The traditional, rectangular or square box-house with a flat roof, made of pure dried clay, sun-dried mud, brick or cow-dung plaster , continues to be the dominant architectural type in Sudan. In its pure form, wooden frames are used only for the roof, windows and doors. It is widespread everywhere, except in the south where the heavy rains make sloping grass roofs essential. The traditional box-house style was seen at its most complete in Omdurman, the city built by the khalifa ῾Abdallahi in 1885, which was the country's capital for 13 years.ch was the country's capital for 13 years.
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21
, Colonial buildings in Khartoum
, Traditional architecture
, The coral buildings of Suakin: Islamic architecture, planning, design and domestic arrangements in a Red Sea port
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تعكس عمارة السودان التنوع الجغرافي والعرقي … تعكس عمارة السودان التنوع الجغرافي والعرقي والثقافي في البلاد وفتراتها التاريخية. تشكل الظروف الإقليمية والبيئية المختلفة، أساليب الحياة والثقافة المادية المُعبر عنها في المستوطنات البشرية وهيكليتها وأنشطتها الاقتصادية. كانت السودان على مدى تاريخها الموثق الطويل، أرضًا متغيرة ومتنوعة الأشكال من الحضارة الإنسانية مع تأثيرات مهمة من الثقافات الأجنبية. ما تزال المشاهد الحضرية الريفية في السودان تتميز إلى حد كبير بصفات العمارة الإفريقية التقليدية، لكنها خضعت أيضًا لتغييرات مهمة لتطوير المستوطنات والبنية التحتية والعمارة المتناظرة خلال القرنين التاسع عشر والعشرين.لمتناظرة خلال القرنين التاسع عشر والعشرين.
, The architecture of Sudan mirrors the geog … The architecture of Sudan mirrors the geographical, ethnic and cultural diversity of the country and its historical periods. The lifestyles and material culture expressed in human settlements, their architecture and economic activities have been shaped by different regional and environmental conditions. In its long documented history, Sudan has been a land of changing and diverse forms of human civilization with important influences from foreign cultures.mportant influences from foreign cultures.
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عمارة السودان
, Architecture of Sudan
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