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White primaries were primary elections hel … White primaries were primary elections held in the Southern United States in which only white voters were permitted to participate. Statewide white primaries were established by the state Democratic Party units or by state legislatures in South Carolina (1896), Florida (1902), Mississippi and Alabama (also 1902), Texas (1905), Louisiana and Arkansas (1906), and Georgia (1900). Since winning the Democratic primary in the South almost always meant winning the general election, barring black and other minority voters meant they were in essence disenfranchised. Southern states also passed laws and constitutions with provisions to raise barriers to voter registration, completing disenfranchisement from 1890 to 1908 in all states of the former Confederacy. The Texas Legislature passed a law in 1923 that prevented Black voters from participating in any Democratic party primary election. The Supreme Court, in 1927, 1932, and 1935, heard three Texas cases related to white primaries. In the 1927 and 1932 cases, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, saying that state laws establishing a white primary violated the Fourteenth Amendment. Later in 1927 Texas changed its law in response, delegating authority to political parties to establish their own rules for primaries. In Grovey v. Townsend (1935), the Supreme Court ruled that this practice was constitutional, as it was administered by the Democratic Party, which was a private institution, not a state. In 1944, in Smith v. Allwright, the Supreme Court ruled 8–1 against the Texas white primary system. In that case, the Court ruled that the 1923 Texas state law was unconstitutional, because it allowed the state Democratic Party to racially discriminate. After the case, most Southern states ended their selectively inclusive white primaries. They retained other techniques of disenfranchisement, particularly in terms of barriers to voter registration, such as poll taxes and literacy tests. These generally survived legal challenges as they applied to all potential voters, but in practice they were administered in a discriminatory manner by white officials. Although the proportion of Southern blacks registered to vote steadily increased from less than 3% in 1940 to 29% in 1960 and over 40% in 1964, gains were minimal in Mississippi, Alabama, North Louisiana and southern parts of Georgia. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was intended to address this. Act of 1965 was intended to address this.
, White primaries (englisch für "Weiße Vorwa … White primaries (englisch für "Weiße Vorwahlen") waren Vorwahlen, die in den Südstaaten der USA stattfanden und die nicht-weißen Wählern und Kandidaten die Teilnahme verbot. Diese Praxis verhinderte zwischen 1890 und 1944 de facto, dass Schwarze ihr aktives und passives Wahlrecht wahrnehmen konnten. Der United States Supreme Court hielt diese Praxis jahrzehntelang für verfassungskonform und änderte seine Auffassung erst 1944.rm und änderte seine Auffassung erst 1944.
, 白人初選（英語：White primaries），是美國南方各州禁止白人以外的選民參加的初選。在約1890年到約1944年為止，很多南方州份都有白人初選。美國最高法院最初認為白人初選是合憲的，但在9年後卻改判白人初選違反了憲法。
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White primaries (englisch für "Weiße Vorwa … White primaries (englisch für "Weiße Vorwahlen") waren Vorwahlen, die in den Südstaaten der USA stattfanden und die nicht-weißen Wählern und Kandidaten die Teilnahme verbot. Diese Praxis verhinderte zwischen 1890 und 1944 de facto, dass Schwarze ihr aktives und passives Wahlrecht wahrnehmen konnten. Der United States Supreme Court hielt diese Praxis jahrzehntelang für verfassungskonform und änderte seine Auffassung erst 1944.rm und änderte seine Auffassung erst 1944.
, White primaries were primary elections hel … White primaries were primary elections held in the Southern United States in which only white voters were permitted to participate. Statewide white primaries were established by the state Democratic Party units or by state legislatures in South Carolina (1896), Florida (1902), Mississippi and Alabama (also 1902), Texas (1905), Louisiana and Arkansas (1906), and Georgia (1900). Since winning the Democratic primary in the South almost always meant winning the general election, barring black and other minority voters meant they were in essence disenfranchised. Southern states also passed laws and constitutions with provisions to raise barriers to voter registration, completing disenfranchisement from 1890 to 1908 in all states of the former Confederacy.8 in all states of the former Confederacy.
, 白人初選（英語：White primaries），是美國南方各州禁止白人以外的選民參加的初選。在約1890年到約1944年為止，很多南方州份都有白人初選。美國最高法院最初認為白人初選是合憲的，但在9年後卻改判白人初選違反了憲法。
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White primary
, White primaries
, 白人初选
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