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The third-party doctrine is a United State … The third-party doctrine is a United States legal doctrine that holds that people who voluntarily give information to third parties—such as banks, phone companies, internet service providers (ISPs), and e-mail servers—have "no reasonable expectation of privacy" in that information. A lack of privacy protection allows the United States government to obtain information from third parties without a legal warrant and without otherwise complying with the Fourth Amendment prohibition against search and seizure without probable cause and a judicial search warrant.bable cause and a judicial search warrant.
, 第三方法則（ third-party doctrine；第三方原則；第三人理論；第三人原則）是美國的法律原則，認為自願向第三方提供信息的人、比如銀行、電話公司、互联网服务供应商（ISP）及電子郵件服務器，致使“對隱私沒有合理的期望”。如此缺乏隱私保護使得美國政府無需合法即可從第三方獲取信息，也無需遵守《美國憲法第四修正案》即在沒有相當理由、及司法搜查令下禁止之法律。
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, https://web.archive.org/web/20170214223733/http:/www.nyls.edu/documents/justice-action-center/student_capstone_journal/cap12collins.pdf +
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第三方法則（ third-party doctrine；第三方原則；第三人理論；第三人原則）是美國的法律原則，認為自願向第三方提供信息的人、比如銀行、電話公司、互联网服务供应商（ISP）及電子郵件服務器，致使“對隱私沒有合理的期望”。如此缺乏隱私保護使得美國政府無需合法即可從第三方獲取信息，也無需遵守《美國憲法第四修正案》即在沒有相當理由、及司法搜查令下禁止之法律。
, The third-party doctrine is a United State … The third-party doctrine is a United States legal doctrine that holds that people who voluntarily give information to third parties—such as banks, phone companies, internet service providers (ISPs), and e-mail servers—have "no reasonable expectation of privacy" in that information. A lack of privacy protection allows the United States government to obtain information from third parties without a legal warrant and without otherwise complying with the Fourth Amendment prohibition against search and seizure without probable cause and a judicial search warrant.bable cause and a judicial search warrant.
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Third-party doctrine
, 第三方法則
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