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وقع الغزو الإسباني للمويسكا (بالإنجليزية: … وقع الغزو الإسباني للمويسكا (بالإنجليزية: Spanish conquest of the Muisca) بين عامي 1538 و 1540. كان شعب المويسكا السكان الأصليين لمرتفعات وسط الأنديز في كولومبيا قبل وصول الغزاة الإسبان. كانوا مُنتظمين في اتحاد كونفدرالي سائب مؤلف من حكام مختلفين؛ وهم الزيبا في باكاتا، مقره الرئيسي في فونزا، الزاك في بوياكا، مقره الرئيسي في هونزا، الإيراكا في مدينة الشمس المقدسة سوغاموكسي، التونداما في تونداما، وعدة زعماء قبائل مستقلين. كان قادة الاتحاد وقت الغزو هم الزيبا تيسكيسوسا، الزاك كيمينتشاتوتشا، الإيراكا سوغاموكسي وتونداما في أقصى شمال أراضي المويسكا. كان المويسكا متّسقين في جماعات مجتمعات صغيرة مسيجة بصورة دائرية (تدعى ca بلغتهم الأم لغة ميوسك كوبون؛ ومعنى إسمها الحرفي «لسان الشعب»)، لها ميدان مركزي يتوسطه منزل زعيم القبيلة. كانوا يُدعون «شعب الملح» بسبب استخراجهم الملح من مواقع عديدة على امتداد أراضيهم، في زيباكيرا ونيموكون وتاوسا بصورة رئيسية. كان الجزء الأساسي من الاكتفاء الذاتي في اقتصادهم المنظم تنظيمًا جيدًا، نتيجة مبادلة المويسكا منتجات قيمة مع الغزاة الأوروبيين مثل الذهب، التومباجا (أُشابة مؤلفة من خلط النحاس والفضة والذهب) ومبادلة الزمرد مع جيرانهم من مجموعات السكان الأصليين. عاش معظم شعب المويسكا في وادي تينزا، شرق ألتيبلانو كونديبوياسينس، واستخرجوا الزمرد من شيفور وسوموندوكو. كانت الزراعة أصل اقتصاد المويسكا، ومنتجاتهم الأساسية هي الذرة والبفرة والبطاطا ومجموعة متنوعة من الزراعات الأخرى التي كانت تُزرع بإتقان في حقول مرتفعة (تُدعى في لغتهم tá). بدأت الزراعة نحو عام 3000 ق.م في الألتيبلانو، عقب حقبة هيريرا في عصر ما قبل الفخار ودَورٍ طويل من الصيد وجمع الثمار منذ أواخر العصر الحديث الأقرب. وُجد أول دليل أثري لاستيطان البشر في كولومبيا، وأحد أقدم الأدلة في جنوب أمريكا، في الأبرا، ويعود إلى نحو 12.500 عامًا ق.ح. كان القسم الأساسي من حضارة المويسكا متمركزًا على بوغوتا سافانا، وهو سهل عالٍ منبسط في الميادين الشرقية للأنديز، بعيدًا جدًا عن ساحل الكاريبي. كانت السافانا بحيرة ممعنة في القدم، استمر وجودها حتى أواخر العصر الحديث الأقرب وشكلت تربةً عالية الخصوبة لزراعتهم. كانت مجتمع المويسكا عميق التدين مؤمن بتعدد الآلهة، وكانت علومهم الفلكية متطورة، الأمر الذي يظهر جليًا في تقويمهم الشمسي القمري المعقد. حظي كل من النساء والرجال بمهمات مختلفة ومخصصة في مجتمعهم القائل بالمساواة نسبيًا؛ بينما انصرفت النساء إلى بَذر الأرض، تحضير الطعام، استخراج الملح، وإتقان صناعة العبي والفخار، كان الرجال مسؤولون عن الحصاد والحرب والصيد. كان الدفاع عن أراضي المويسكا مهمة محاربي الغيشكا، ضد جيرانهم الغربيين بصورة رئيسية: الموزو («الشعب الزمردي») والبانتشي العدوانيون. اعتاد محاربو المويسكا حمل مومياوات أسلافهم المرموقين على ظهورهم أثناء القتال لإذهال أعدائهم. واستخدموا في معاركهم الرماح والسهام المسمومة والسكاكين الذهبية. رغم أن مخزونات الذهب لم تكن وفيرة في الألتيبلانو، تمكن المويسكا من الحصول على كمية كبيرة من المعادن الثمينة عبر التبادل، والتي طوروها إلى فنون جميلة، كان طوف مويسكا والتنجوات الكثيرة (قطع عطايا) الأكثر أهمية بينهما. يصور طوف مويسكا ابتداء شعائر الزيبا الجديد، التي حدثت في بحيرة غواتافيتا. عندما علم الإسبانيون المقيمين في مدينة سانتا مارتا الساحلية التي أسسها رودريغو دي باستيداز عام 1525 بهذه الأسطورة، نظموا بعثة ضخمة سعيًا خلف هذه الإلدورادو (مدينة أو رجل الذهب) المزعومة في ربيع عام 1536. غادر وفد مؤلف من أكثر من 900 رجل مدينة سانتا ماريا الاستوائية في بعثة جَلفةٍ عبر قلب كولومبيا بحثًا عن إلدورادو والحضارة التي أنتجت كل هذا الذهب الثمين. كان غونزالو خيمينيز دي كيسادا قائد البعثة الأولى والرئيسية التابعة للحكم الإسباني، يليه في القيادة أخوه هيرنان. شارك عدة جنود آخرين في الرحلة، الذين أصبحوا لاحقًا مُلاكًا في المستعمرات وشاركوا في غزو أجزاء أخرى من كولومبيا. كانت كل البعثات المعاصرة الأخرى إلى داخل الأنديز المجهول تبحث عن أرض الذهب الأسطورية، وكانت تنطلق من الأرض التي أصبحت لاحقًا فنزويلا، بقيادة غُزاة بافاريين وألمانيين، ومن الجنوب بدءًا من مملكة كيتو التي أُوجدت سابقًا مكان الإكوادور الحالية. بدأ غزو المويسكا في مارس من عام 1537، عندما دخلت قوات دي كيسادا المختزلة للغاية أراضي المويسكا في تشيباتا، حيث بنوا أول مستوطنة لهم يوم 8 مارس. توسعت البعثة نحو الداخل واعتلت منحدرات الألتيبلانو كونديبوياسينس وصولًا إلى ما أصبح لاحقًا بوياكا وكونديناماركا. أُسست قرى مونيكيرا (بوياكا) وغواتيشتا ولينغوازاك (وكونديناماركا) قبل وصول الغزاة الإسبان على حافة بوغوتا سافانا الشمالية في سويسكا. وأسس الإسبانيون كاجيكا وتشيا على الطريق المودي إلى حيّز الزيبا تيسكيسوسا. وصلوا في Hبريل من عام 1537 إلى فونزا، حيث تغلبوا على الزيبا تيسكيسوسا. الأمر الذي شكل فاتحة بعثات إضافية، بدأت بعد شهر باتجاه شرق وادي تينزا وأراضي الزاك كيمينتشاتوتشا الشمالية. يوم 20 أغسطس من عام 1537، أُخضع الزاك في منزله في هونزا. تابع الإسبانيون رحلتهم ناحية الشمال الشرقي وصولًا إلى وادي إيراكا، حيث سقط الإيراكا سوغاموكسي على يد الجنود الإسبان وأُحرق معبد الشمس من غير قصدٍ على يد جنديين من جيش دي كيسادا في بداية سبتمبر. في هذه الأثناء، ذهب جنود آخرون من البعثة ناحية الجنوب واحتلوا باسكا ومستوطنات أخرى. عاد القائد الإسباني مع رجاله إلى بوغوتا سافانا وخطط لبعثات غازية جديدة نُفذت لاحقًا في النصف الثاني من عام 1537 والأشهر الأولى من عام 1538. يوم 6 أغسطس من عام 1538، أسس غونزالو خيمينيز دي كيسادا بوغوتا بصفتها عاصمة مملكة غرانادا الجديدة، وسماها تيمنًا بموطنه الأصلي في إقليم غرناطة، إسبانيا. في الشهر نفسه، يوم 20 أغسطس، تحالف الزيبا ساغيبا، الذي خلف أخاه تيسكيسوسا، مع الإسبانيين لمحاربة البانتشي، أعداء المويسكا الأزليون في الجنوب الغربي. في معركة توكاريما، انتصرت القوى المتحالفة على الجيران الغربيين العدوانيين. في أواخر عام 1538، نتج عن مشاريع غزو أخرى تأسيس مستوطنات أكثر في قلب الأنديز. انطلقت بعثتان أيضًا في الوقت نفسه؛ بعثة دي بيلاسازار من الجنوب وفيدرمان من الشرق، وصلتا إلى المحافظة المُنشاة حديثًا، وركب القادة الثلاثة بعدها على متن سفينة في نهر ماغدالينا في مايو من عام 1539 أخذتهم إلى كارتاغينا ومنها أعاتدهم إلى إسبانيا. نصّب غونزالو خيمينيز دي كيسادا أخاه الأصغر هيرنان حاكمًا جديدًا على بوغوتا والحملات الجديدة التي ستنظم لاحقًا بحثًا عن إلدورادو خلال النصف الثاني من عام 1539 وعام 1540. أسسه قبطانه غونزالو سواريز ريندون تونجا يوم 6 أغسطس من عام 1539، وهزم القبطان بالتازار مالادونادو الذي خدم تحت إمرة دي بالاسازار، زعيم تونداما في نهاية عام 1539. قُطع رأس آخر الزاك أكويمينيزاك في بداية عام 1540، الأمر الذي أسس حكم جديدًا على اتحاد المويسكا الكونفدرالي الآنف. قدّم غونزالو خيمينيز دي كيسادا، الغازي الأساسي، المعارف التي حصلتها البعثات الغازية على أراضي المويسكا وحررها، بالتعاون مع العلماء بيدرو دي أغوادو، خوان رودريغيز فريلي، خوان دي كاستيلانوس، بيدرو سيمون، لوكاس فيرنانديز دي بيدراهيتا، خواكين أكوستا، ليبوريو زيردا وخورخه غامبوا ميندوزا.وستا، ليبوريو زيردا وخورخه غامبوا ميندوزا.
, The Spanish conquest of the Muisca took pl … The Spanish conquest of the Muisca took place from 1537 to 1540. The Muisca were the inhabitants of the central Andean highlands of Colombia before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. They were organised in a loose confederation of different rulers; the psihipqua of Muyquytá, with his headquarters in Funza, the hoa of Hunza, the iraca of the sacred City of the Sun Sugamuxi, the Tundama of Tundama, and several other independent caciques. The most important rulers at the time of the conquest were psihipqua Tisquesusa, hoa Eucaneme, iraca Sugamuxi and Tundama in the northernmost portion of their territories. The Muisca were organised in small communities of circular enclosures (ca in their language Muysccubbun; literally "language of the people"), with a central square where the bohío of the cacique was located. They were called "Salt People" because of their extraction of salt in various locations throughout their territories, mainly in Zipaquirá, Nemocón, and Tausa. For the main part self-sufficient in their well-organised economy, the Muisca traded with the European conquistadors valuable products as gold, tumbaga (a copper-silver-gold alloy), and emeralds with their neighbouring indigenous groups. In the Tenza Valley, to the east of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense where the majority of the Muisca lived, they extracted emeralds in Chivor and Somondoco. The economy of the Muisca was rooted in their agriculture with main products maize, yuca, potatoes, and various other cultivations elaborated on elevated fields (in their language called tá). Agriculture had started around 3000 BCE on the Altiplano, following the preceramic Herrera Period and a long epoch of hunter-gatherers since the late Pleistocene. The earliest archaeological evidence of inhabitation in Colombia, and one of the oldest in South America, has been found in El Abra, dating to around 12,500 years BP. The main part of the Muisca civilisation was concentrated on the Bogotá savanna, a flat high plain in the Eastern Ranges of the Andes, far away from the Caribbean coast. The savanna was an ancient , that existed until the latest Pleistocene and formed a highly fertile soil for their agriculture. The Muisca were a deeply religious civilisation with a polytheistic and an advanced astronomical knowledge, which was represented in their complex lunisolar calendar. Men and women had specific and different tasks in their relatively egalitarian society; while the women took care of the sowing, preparation of food, the extraction of salt, and the elaboration of mantles and pottery, the men were assigned to harvesting, warfare, and hunting. The guecha warriors were tasked with the defence of the Muisca territories, mainly against their western neighbours; the Muzo ("Emerald People") and the bellicose Panche. To impress their enemies, the Muisca warriors wore mummies of important ancestors on their backs, while fighting. In their battles, the men used spears, poisoned arrows, and golden knives. Although gold deposits were not abundant on the Altiplano, through trading the Muisca obtained large amounts of the precious metal which they elaborated into fine art, of which the Muisca raft and the many tunjos (offer pieces) were the most important. The Muisca raft pictures the initiation ritual of the new zipa, that took place in Lake Guatavita. When the Spanish who resided in the coastal city of Santa Marta, founded by Rodrigo de Bastidas in 1525, were informed about this legend, a large expedition in the quest for this El Dorado (city or man of gold) was organised in the spring of 1536. A delegation of more than 900 men left the tropical city of Santa Marta and went on a harsh expedition through the heartlands of Colombia in search of El Dorado and the civilisation that produced all this precious gold. The leader of the first and main expedition under Spanish flag was Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, with his brother Hernán second in command. Several other soldiers were participating in the journey, who would later become encomenderos and take part in the conquest of other parts of Colombia. Other contemporaneous expeditions into the unknown interior of the Andes, all searching for the mythical land of gold, were starting from later Venezuela, led by Bavarian and other German conquistadors and from the south, starting in the previously founded Kingdom of Quito in what is now Ecuador. The conquest of the Muisca started in March 1537, when the greatly reduced troops of de Quesada entered Muisca territories in Chipatá, the first settlement they founded on March 8. The expedition went further inland and up the slopes of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense into later Boyacá and Cundinamarca. The towns of Moniquirá (Boyacá), Guachetá, and Lenguazaque (Cundinamarca) were founded before the conquistadors arrived at the northern edge of the Bogotá savanna in Suesca. En route towards the domain of zipa Tisquesusa, the Spanish founded Cajicá and Chía. In April 1537 they arrived at Funza, where Tisquesusa was beaten by the Spanish. This formed the onset for further expeditions, starting a month later towards the eastern Tenza Valley and the northern territories of zaque Quemuenchatocha. On August 20, 1537, the zaque was submitted in his bohío in Hunza. The Spanish continued their journey northeastward into the Iraka Valley, where the iraca Sugamuxi fell to the Spanish troops and the Sun Temple was accidentally burned by two soldiers of the army of de Quesada in early September. Meanwhile, other soldiers from the conquest expedition went south and conquered Pasca and other settlements. The Spanish leader returned with his men to the Bogotá savanna and planned new conquest expeditions executed in the second half of 1537 and first months of 1538. On August 6, 1538, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada founded Bogotá as the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada, named after his home region of Granada, Spain. That same month, on August 20, the zipa who succeeded his brother Tisquesusa upon his death; Sagipa, allied with the Spanish to fight the Panche, eternal enemies of the Muisca in the southwest. In the Battle of Tocarema, the allied forces claimed victory over the bellicose western neighbours. In late 1538, other conquest undertakings resulted in more founded settlements in the heart of the Andes. Two other expeditions that were taking place at the same time; of De Belalcázar from the south and Federmann from the east, reached the newly founded capital and the three leaders embarked in May 1539 on a ship on the Magdalena River that took them to Cartagena and from there back to Spain. Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada had installed his younger brother Hernán as new governor of Bogotá and the latter organised new conquest campaigns in search of El Dorado during the second half of 1539 and 1540. His captain Gonzalo Suárez Rendón founded Tunja on August 6, 1539 and captain Baltasar Maldonado, who had served under de Belalcázar, defeated the cacique of Tundama at the end of 1539. The last zaque Aquiminzaque was decapitated in early 1540, establishing the new rule over the former Muisca Confederation. Knowledge of the conquest expeditions in Muisca territories has been provided and compiled by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, main conquistador, and scholars Pedro de Aguado, Juan Rodríguez Freyle, Juan de Castellanos, Pedro Simón, Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita, Joaquín Acosta, Liborio Zerda, and Jorge Gamboa Mendoza., Liborio Zerda, and Jorge Gamboa Mendoza.
, La conquista spagnola della confederazione … La conquista spagnola della confederazione Muisca ebbe luogo tra il 1537 e il 1540. I Muisca abitavano le alture centrali delle Ande, nell'attuale Colombia, prima dell'arrivo dei conquistadores spagnoli. Questi erano organizzati in una confederazione con differenti capi locali; gli zipa di Bacatá, con capitale a Funza, gli zaque di Boyacá, con capitale a Hunza, gli iraca della Città sacra del Sole Sugamuxi, i Tundama di Tundama, e molti altri cacique indipendenti. I capi della confederazione al tempo della conquista erano lo zipa Tisquesusa, lo zaque Quemuenchatocha, gli iraca Sugamuxi e Tundama nella parte settentrionale dei territori. I Muisca erano organizzati in piccole comunità di forma circolare, con una piazza centrale dove si trovavano il bohío e il cacique. Questa popolazione era chiamata anche "Popolo del sale" in quanto la loro principale attività era l'estrazione del sale da diversi luoghi nel loro territorio, in particolare da Zipaquirá, da Nemocón e da Tausa. La loro economia li rendeva indipendenti, ma i Muisca commerciavano inoltre oro, tumbaga e smeraldi coi loro vicini. Nella valle del Tenza, a est dell'altipiano Cundiboyacense vivevano le principali comunità Muisca, che estraevano smeraldi a Chivor e a Somondoco. L'economia Muisca era inoltre supportata dalla coltivazione di maizena, yuca, patate e varie altre coltivazioni adatte alle alture. Sull'altipiano l'agricoltura aveva avuto inizio nel 3000 a.C. dopo il periodo Herrera. Le prime evidenze archeologiche della presenza di abitazioni in Colombia è il sito di El Abra (che è anche uno dei più antichi di tutto il Sud America), datato attorno al 12500 a.C. La parte principale della civiltà Muisca era concentrata nella , un'alta pianura nella Cordigliera orientale delle Ande, lontano dalla costa caraibica. La savana era un antico lago esistito sino al Pleistocene che si era in seguito asciugato lasciando un suolo fertile, ideale per l'agricoltura. I Muisca erano una civiltà profondamente religiosa di natura politeistica e con avanzate conoscenze astronomiche che sono ben rappresentate dal loro complesso calendario lunisolare. Uomini e donne nella civiltà Muisca avevano compiti differenti, ma si basavano su una società egualitaria; le donne si occupavano di preparare il cibo, di estrarre il sale, intessere tessuti e realizzare stoviglie, gli uomini si occupavano dell'agricoltura, della guerra e della caccia. I guerrieri guecha erano incaricati della difesa del territorio dei Muisca, in particolare dalle civiltà vicine; i Muzo ("Popolo degli smeraldi") e i bellicosi Panche. Per impressionare i loro nemici, i guerrieri Muisca erano soliti indossare in battaglia le mummie dei loro antenati sulla schiena durante i combattimenti. Nelle battaglie essi usavano lance, frecce avvelenate e coltelli in oro. Pur non essendo i depositi auriferi così abbondanti sull'altipiano, attraverso il commercio i Muisca erano in grado di ottenere molti metalli preziosi che venivano in seguito lavorati. Quando gli spagnoli che risiedevano nella città costiera di Santa Marta, fondarono Rodrigo de Bastidas nel 1525, vennero a conoscenza della leggenda della presenza di una città aurifera che molti di loro identificarono con il mitico El Dorado e pertanto nel 1536 venne organizzata una prima spedizione. Una delegazione di più di 900 uomini lasciò la città tropicale di Santa Marta e incominciò una difficile spedizione nel cuore della Colombia alla ricerca di El Dorado e della civiltà dell'oro. Il capo di questa spedizione sotto le insegne della bandiera spagnola fu Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, con suo fratello Hernán come secondo in comando. Molti altri soldati presero parte all'impresa, e molti di loro divennero poi encomenderos che presero parte alla conquista della Colombia. Negli anni successivi altre furono le spedizioni che si portarono all'interno delle Ande alla ricerca di oro. La conquista del territorio dei Muisca ebbe inizio nel marzo del 1537, quando le truppe ormai fiaccate di De Quesada entrarono nei territori dei Muisca a Chipatá, il primo insediamento fondato l'8 marzo 1537. La spedizione si spinse ancora più all'interno del territorio sino all'altipiano Cundiboyacense negli attuali dipartimenti di Boyacá e Cundinamarca. Le città di Moniquirá (Boyacá), Guachetá e Lenguazaque (Cundinamarca) vennero fondate prima dell'arrivo dei conquistadores. Sulla strada verso il dominio dello zipa Tisquesusa, gli spagnoli fondarono Cajicá e Chía. Nell'aprile del 1537 giunsero a Funza, dove Tisquesusa venne sconfitto dagli spagnoli. Questo stimolò ulteriori spedizioni, come quella partita il mese successivo dalla parte orientale della valle del Tenza e diretta nei territori del zaque Quemuenchatocha. Il 20 agosto 1537, gli zaque si sottomisero agli spagnoli. Gli europei continuarono poi verso la valle degli Iraca, dove l'iraca Sugamuxi venne sconfitto dagli spagnoli i quali inoltre, accidentalmente, bruciarono il Tempio del Sole all'inizio di settembre di quell'anno. Nel frattempo, altri soldati della spedizione si recarono a sud e conquistarono Pasca e altri insediamenti. I capi spagnoli fecero ritorno coi loro uomini alla savana di Bogotà e da qui pianificarono altre spedizioni di conquista per la seconda metà del 1537 e i primi mesi del 1538. Il 6 agosto 1538, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada fondò la città di Bogotà quale capitale del Nuovo Regno di Granada, chiamando così l'area dell'attuale Colombia in onore della città spagnola di Granada. In quello stesso mese, il 20 agosto 1538, un nuovo zipa era succeduto al fratello alla sua morte; Sagipa, scelse di allearsi con gli spagnoli per combattere i Panche, secolari nemici dei Muisca a sudovest. Nella battaglia di Tocarema, le forze alleate ottennero la vittoria sui bellicosi vicini. Sul finire del 1538, altre conquiste vennero raggiunte e portarono alla fondazione di ulteriori insediamenti nel cuore delle Ande. Due altre spedizioni ebbero luogo: una guidata da De Belalcázar da sud e una guidata da Federmann da est, raggiunsero la nuova capitale e i tre capi si imbarcarono nel maggio del 1539 a bordo di una nave che salpò lungo il fiume Magdalena e li portò a Cartagena e da li poi in Spagna. Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada lasciò suo fratello minore Hernán quale nuovo governatore di Bogotà e quest'ultimo organizzò delle nuove campagne di conquista alla ricerca di El Dorado tra la seconda metà del 1539 e il 1540. Il suo capitano, Gonzalo Suárez Rendón, fondò Tunja il 6 agosto 1539 mentre il capitano Baltasar Maldonado, che aveva prestato servizio sotto De Belalcázar, sconfisse il cacique di Tundama alla fine del 1539. L'ultimo zaque Aquiminzaque venne decapitato all'inizio del 1540, assimilando così definitivamente il territorio dell'ex confederazione Muisca all'Impero spagnolo. La storia di queste spedizioni ci perviene prevalentemente dagli scritti di Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, uno dei principali conquistadores dell'impresa, e dagli studiosi Pedro de Aguado, Juan Rodríguez Freyle, Juan de Castellanos, Pedro Simón, Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita, Joaquín Acosta, Liborio Zerda e Jorge Gamboa Mendoza..ta, Liborio Zerda e Jorge Gamboa Mendoza..
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Túpac Amaru
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Túpac Amaru
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Spanish conquest of the Muisca
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1537
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After two unsuccessful attempts; Santa Cruz and San Sebastián de Urabá , the third foundation by Alonso de Ojeda in Tierra Firme resulted in Turbaco.
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the Spanish colonization of the Americas
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| rdfs:comment |
La conquista spagnola della confederazione … La conquista spagnola della confederazione Muisca ebbe luogo tra il 1537 e il 1540. I Muisca abitavano le alture centrali delle Ande, nell'attuale Colombia, prima dell'arrivo dei conquistadores spagnoli. Questi erano organizzati in una confederazione con differenti capi locali; gli zipa di Bacatá, con capitale a Funza, gli zaque di Boyacá, con capitale a Hunza, gli iraca della Città sacra del Sole Sugamuxi, i Tundama di Tundama, e molti altri cacique indipendenti. I capi della confederazione al tempo della conquista erano lo zipa Tisquesusa, lo zaque Quemuenchatocha, gli iraca Sugamuxi e Tundama nella parte settentrionale dei territori. I Muisca erano organizzati in piccole comunità di forma circolare, con una piazza centrale dove si trovavano il bohío e il cacique. Questa popolazione era ohío e il cacique. Questa popolazione era
, وقع الغزو الإسباني للمويسكا (بالإنجليزية: … وقع الغزو الإسباني للمويسكا (بالإنجليزية: Spanish conquest of the Muisca) بين عامي 1538 و 1540. كان شعب المويسكا السكان الأصليين لمرتفعات وسط الأنديز في كولومبيا قبل وصول الغزاة الإسبان. كانوا مُنتظمين في اتحاد كونفدرالي سائب مؤلف من حكام مختلفين؛ وهم الزيبا في باكاتا، مقره الرئيسي في فونزا، الزاك في بوياكا، مقره الرئيسي في هونزا، الإيراكا في مدينة الشمس المقدسة سوغاموكسي، التونداما في تونداما، وعدة زعماء قبائل مستقلين. كان قادة الاتحاد وقت الغزو هم الزيبا تيسكيسوسا، الزاك كيمينتشاتوتشا، الإيراكا سوغاموكسي وتونداما في أقصى شمال أراضي المويسكا. كان المويسكا متّسقين في جماعات مجتمعات صغيرة مسيجة بصورة دائرية (تدعى ca بلغتهم الأم لغة ميوسك كوبون؛ ومعنى إسمها الحرفي «لسان الشعب»)، لها ميدان مركزي يتوسطه منزل زعيم القبيلة. كانوا يُدعون «شعب الملح» بسبب استخراجهم الملح من مواقع عديدة على امتداد استخراجهم الملح من مواقع عديدة على امتداد
, The Spanish conquest of the Muisca took pl … The Spanish conquest of the Muisca took place from 1537 to 1540. The Muisca were the inhabitants of the central Andean highlands of Colombia before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. They were organised in a loose confederation of different rulers; the psihipqua of Muyquytá, with his headquarters in Funza, the hoa of Hunza, the iraca of the sacred City of the Sun Sugamuxi, the Tundama of Tundama, and several other independent caciques. The most important rulers at the time of the conquest were psihipqua Tisquesusa, hoa Eucaneme, iraca Sugamuxi and Tundama in the northernmost portion of their territories. The Muisca were organised in small communities of circular enclosures (ca in their language Muysccubbun; literally "language of the people"), with a central square where the bohío o), with a central square where the bohío o
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| rdfs:label |
Conquista spagnola della confederazione Muisca
, Spanish conquest of the Muisca
, الغزو الإسباني للمويسكا
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| rdfs:seeAlso |
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Timeline_of_Bogot%C3%A1 +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Colombia +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/List_of_Muisca_research_institutes +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Panche_people +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/List_of_conquistadors +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Bacat%C3%A1 +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Muisca_Confederation +
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