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http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract L’occupation russe de Tabriz en 1911 est lL’occupation russe de Tabriz en 1911 est l'attaque et l'occupation par l'empire russe de la ville de Tabriz, dans le nord-ouest de l'Iran en décembre 1911, occupation qui s'est prolongée jusque pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Cette occupation était la riposte russe au refus du Parlement iranien d'accepter l'ultimatum russe. Cet ultimatum formulait trois grandes exigences à l'égard du gouvernement iranien, parmi lesquelles la plus importante était la destitution de l'avocat américain nouvellement engagé, Morgan Shuster. Shuster avait été affecté par le Parlement de l'Iran à l'organisation des affaires financières du pays. Après le refus du parlement iranien de renvoyer Shuster, l'armée impériale russe commença sa campagne dans la partie nord-ouest de l'Iran. Son but était d'occuper trois grandes villes : Tabriz, Anzali, et Rasht. L'occupation la plus brutale eut lieu à Tabriz. Les combats y durèrent environ trois jours avant que la résistance de ses habitants ne fût brisée ; les Russes bombardèrent alors Tabriz avec de l'artillerie avant de commencer à envahir la ville. Après avoir pris le contrôle complet de Tabriz, les Russes commencèrent à exécuter en masse les révolutionnaires les plus connus de la ville ainsi que certains de ses résidents ordinaires. Le nombre total d'exécutions fut d'environ 1 200 habitants de la ville. Les Russes détruisirent également une partie de l'Arg-é Tabriz en le bombardant d'abord, puis en y mettant le feu.bardant d'abord, puis en y mettant le feu. , The Russian occupation of Tabriz lasted frThe Russian occupation of Tabriz lasted from 30 April 1909 until 28 February 1918, with a brief interruption during 6–31 January 1915. The city of Tabriz was the second city of Qajar Persia at the time, the capital of the region of Azerbaijan, and the traditional residence of the Qajar Crown Prince. During the Persian Constitutional Revolution, rebellion broke out in Tabriz on 23 June 1908. In early February 1909 government forces under Prince ʿAyn-al-dawla surrounded the city. On 20 April, in response to the siege situation, Britain and Russia agreed that a Russian force should be sent to occupy the city in order "to facilitate the entrance into the town of the necessary provisions, to protect the consulates and foreign subjects, and to help those who so desired to leave the town." The Russian force under General Snarski occupied Tabriz on 30 April 1909. Negotiations for its withdrawal soon began but dragged on into 1911. On 29 November 1911, the Russian government presented the Persian government with an ultimatum. There were several demands, but most important was to fire the newly employed American lawyer Morgan Shuster. Shuster had been hired by the Majlis (parliament) to organise the country's financial affairs. Upon the Persian parliament's refusal to fire Shuster, the shah dissolved the parliament and agreed to the Russian ultimatum. The ultimatum nevertheless created unrest in Tabriz. On 21 December, fedayeen attacked the Russian troops, inflicting severe casualties. In response, a brigade of the Russian Imperial Army was dispatched to Tabriz under General Voropanov. Its aim was to occupy three major cities: Tabriz, Anzali and Rasht. The most fierce battle of the Russian invasion occurred in Tabriz, where the constitutionalists resisted. After about three days, the defense of the city's residents broke. The Russians shelled Tabriz with artillery and entered the city on 31 December. Once in control, the Russians held courts martial to try the fedayeen. The Russians executed the constitutional revolutionaries of Tabriz and their relatives en masse and many civilians of Tabriz as well. The total number of executions is estimated to have been about 1,200. The Seqat-ol-Eslam Tabrizi, a leader of the local Shaykhi sect, was among them. The Russians also destroyed part of the Arg of Tabriz by shelling it. Fire broke out in the Arg while it was held by Russian troops. During the Russian occupation, Crown Prince Mohammad Hassan Mirza resided in Tabriz. Beginning in 1906 and through a Persian concession, a Russian government company had constructed a road from the Russian railhead at Julfa to Tabriz. While the region under Russian occupation, they upgraded the road to a railroad. It opened to traffic in May 1916 as the first railroad in Persia. After the Ottoman entry into World War I in November 1914, Ottoman troops advanced into the Caucasus against Russia. This threatened to cut off the troops in Azerbaijan and an evacuation was ordered. Between 17 December 1914 and 6 January 1915, all Russian troops left Tabriz. Many local Christians—Assyrian, Chaldean and Orthodox—left with them. Ottoman Kurds under occupied the city on 8 January. The Ottoman–Kurdish occupation did not last long. The Ottomans were decisively defeated in the Battle of Sarikamish and the Russians were able to reoccupy the city on 31 January 1915. They remained in control until the Russian Revolution of November 1917 created disorder and confusion among the troops. The evacuation began in early 1918 and on 28 February the last Russian soldiers left Tabriz. On 18 June, the Ottomans began occupying the city.ne, the Ottomans began occupying the city. , L'occupazione russa di Tabriz durò dal 30 L'occupazione russa di Tabriz durò dal 30 aprile 1909 al 28 febbraio 1918, con una breve interruzione dal 6 al 31 gennaio 1915. La città di Tabriz era all'epoca la seconda città della Persia dei Qajar,capitale della regione persiana dell'Azerbaigian e la residenza tradizionale del principe ereditario Qajar. Durante la rivoluzione costituzionale persiana, il 23 giugno 1908 scoppiò una ribellione a Tabriz. All'inizio di febbraio 1909 le forze governative del principe ʿAyn-al-dawla circondarono la città. Il 20 aprile, in risposta alla situazione dell'assedio, Gran Bretagna e Russia convennero che una forza russa dovesse essere inviata ad occupare la città per "facilitare l'ingresso nella città delle provviste necessarie, per proteggere i consolati e i sudditi stranieri e per aiutare coloro che tanto desideravano lasciare la città". La forza russa del generale Snarski occupò Tabriz il 30 aprile 1909. I negoziati per il suo ritiro iniziarono presto, ma si trascinarono nel 1911. Il 29 novembre 1911, il governo russo presentò al governo persiano un ultimatum. Vi furono diverse richieste, ma la questione più importante era quella di licenziare il neoassunto avvocato americano Morgan Shuster. Shuster era stato assunto dal Majilis (parlamento perisano) per organizzare gli affari finanziari del paese. Dopo il rifiuto del parlamento persiano di licenziare Shuster, lo scià sciolse il parlamento e accettò l'ultimatum russo. L'ultimatum creò tuttavia disordini a Tabriz. Il 21 dicembre, i fedayn attaccarono le truppe russe, provocando gravi perdite. In risposta, una brigata dell'esercito imperiale russo fu inviata a Tabriz sotto il generale Voropanov. Il suo scopo era quello di occupare tre grandi città: Tabriz, Anzali e Rasht. La battaglia più feroce dell'invasione russa avvenne a Tabriz, dove i costituzionalisti resistettero. Dopo circa tre giorni, la difesa dei residenti della città si interruppe. I russi bombardarono Tabriz con l'artiglieria ed entrarono in città il 31 dicembre. Una volta sotto controllo, i russi tennero le corti marziali per i fedayn. I russi giustiziarono in massa i rivoluzionari costituzionali di Tabriz, i loro parenti e anche molti civili. Si stima che il numero totale delle esecuzioni sia stato di circa 1.200. Seqat-ol-Eslam Tabrizi, un leader della locale setta Shaykhi, era tra questi. I russi distrussero anche distrutto una parte dell'Arg di Tabriz bombardandolo. Durante l'occupazione russa, il principe ereditario Mohammad Hassan Mirza risiedette a Tabriz. A partire dal 1906 e attraverso una concessione persiana, una compagnia governativa russa aveva costruito una strada dalla ferrovia russa da Julfa a Tabriz. Mentre la regione era sotto occupazione russa, convertirono la strada a una ferrovia. Fu aperta al traffico nel maggio 1916 come prima ferrovia della Persia. Dopo l'entrata ottomana nella prima guerra mondiale nel novembre 1914, le truppe ottomane avanzarono nel Caucaso contro la Russia. Ciò minacciava di tagliare le truppe in Azerbaigian e venne ordinata l'evacuazione. Tra il 17 dicembre 1914 e il 6 gennaio 1915, tutte le truppe russe lasciarono Tabriz. Molti cristiani locali, assiri, caldei e ortodossi, rimassero con loro. I curdi ottomani sotto Aḥmad Mukhtār Bey Shamkhal occuparono la città l'8 gennaio. L'occupazione ottomano-curda non durò a lungo. Gli ottomani furono sconfitti in modo decisivo nella battaglia di Sarikamish e i russi riuscirono a rioccupare la città il 31 gennaio 1915. Detennero il controllo fino a quando la rivoluzione russa del novembre 1917 creò disordine e confusione tra le truppe. L'evacuazione iniziò all'inizio del 1918 e il 28 febbraio gli ultimi soldati russi lasciarono Tabriz. Il 18 giugno gli ottomani iniziarono ad occupare la città. ottomani iniziarono ad occupare la città.
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rdfs:comment L’occupation russe de Tabriz en 1911 est lL’occupation russe de Tabriz en 1911 est l'attaque et l'occupation par l'empire russe de la ville de Tabriz, dans le nord-ouest de l'Iran en décembre 1911, occupation qui s'est prolongée jusque pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Cette occupation était la riposte russe au refus du Parlement iranien d'accepter l'ultimatum russe. Cet ultimatum formulait trois grandes exigences à l'égard du gouvernement iranien, parmi lesquelles la plus importante était la destitution de l'avocat américain nouvellement engagé, Morgan Shuster. Shuster avait été affecté par le Parlement de l'Iran à l'organisation des affaires financières du pays.nisation des affaires financières du pays. , L'occupazione russa di Tabriz durò dal 30 L'occupazione russa di Tabriz durò dal 30 aprile 1909 al 28 febbraio 1918, con una breve interruzione dal 6 al 31 gennaio 1915. La città di Tabriz era all'epoca la seconda città della Persia dei Qajar,capitale della regione persiana dell'Azerbaigian e la residenza tradizionale del principe ereditario Qajar.radizionale del principe ereditario Qajar. , The Russian occupation of Tabriz lasted frThe Russian occupation of Tabriz lasted from 30 April 1909 until 28 February 1918, with a brief interruption during 6–31 January 1915. The city of Tabriz was the second city of Qajar Persia at the time, the capital of the region of Azerbaijan, and the traditional residence of the Qajar Crown Prince.ional residence of the Qajar Crown Prince.
rdfs:label Russian occupation of Tabriz , Occupazione russa di Tabriz , Occupation russe de Tabriz en 1911
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