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Ralph George Hawtrey, född 22 november 187 … Ralph George Hawtrey, född 22 november 1879, död 21 mars 1975, var en brittisk nationalekonom. Hawtrey blev anställd i finansdepartementet 1904 och avdelningschef där 1919. Han åtnjöt internationellt anseende som expert på penning- och kreditfrågor och verkade för hindrandet av värdestegring av guld. Hawtrey ansåg det vara centralbankernas plikt att under depressionstider genom uppköp av obligationer ställa ökade kreditmöjligheter till näringslivets förfogande. Bland Hawtreys skrifter märks Good and bad trade (1913), Currency and credit (1919, 3:e upplagan 1928), The economic problem (1926), Gold standard in theory and practice (1927, 2:a upplagan 1931) och Trade depression and the way out (1931).h Trade depression and the way out (1931).
, Sir Ralph George Hawtrey (22 November 1879 … Sir Ralph George Hawtrey (22 November 1879, Slough – 21 March 1975, London) was a British economist, and a close friend of John Maynard Keynes. He was a member of the Cambridge Apostles, the University of Cambridge intellectual secret society. He took a monetary approach towards the economic ups and downs of industry and commerce, advocating changes in the money supply through adjustment in the bank rate of interest, foreshadowing the later work of Keynes. In the 1920s, he advocated what was later called the Treasury View. He also advanced in 1931 the concept that became known as the multiplier, a coefficient showing the effect of a change in total national investment on the amount of total national income. It was his view that the botched attempt to restore the international gold standard led to the Great Depression. He had played a key role in the Genoa Conference of 1922, which attempted to devise arrangements for a stable return to the gold standard. for a stable return to the gold standard.
, Ralph George Hawtrey, né le 22 novembre 1879 à Slough et mort le 21 mars 1975 à Londres, est un économiste britannique. Proche ami de John Maynard Keynes, il a été anobli en 1956.
, Sir Ralph George Hawtrey (Slough, 22 novembre 1879 – Londra, 21 marzo 1975) è stato un economista inglese, amico intimo di John Maynard Keynes.
, 랄프 조지 호트리 경(Ralph George Hawtrey, 1879년 11 … 랄프 조지 호트리 경(Ralph George Hawtrey, 1879년 11월 22일 – 1975년 3월 21일)은 영국의 경제학자였으며, 존 메이너드 케인스의 절친한 친구였다. 그는 케임브리지 대학의 지적 비밀 사회인 케임브리지 사도들의 일원이었다.그는 산업과 상업의 경제적 우여곡절을 향해 통화주의적 접근을 취하여 은행 금리 조정을 통한 통화 공급의 변화를 옹호하여 케인즈의 후기 작업을 예고했다. 1920년대에 그는 후에 재무부 견해라고 불리는 것을 옹호했다. 그는 또한 1931년에 승수로 알려지게 된 개념을 발전 시켰는데, 이는 총 국민 투자의 변화가 총 국민 소득의 양에 미치는 영향을 보여주는 계수이다.국제 금본위제를 회복하려는 실패한 시도가 대공황으로 이어졌다는 것이 그의 견해였다.본위제를 회복하려는 실패한 시도가 대공황으로 이어졌다는 것이 그의 견해였다.
, Ральф Джордж Хоутри (англ. Ralph George Hawtrey; 22 ноября 1879, Слау — 21 марта 1975, Лондон) — британский экономист, который развил концепцию, которая позже была названа мультипликатором.
, Ralph George Hawtrey (22 de noviembre de 1 … Ralph George Hawtrey (22 de noviembre de 1879 - 21 de marzo de 1975) fue un matemático - economista británico, y amigo de John Maynard Keynes. Hawtrey fue el miembro más importante del llamado “Grupo de Cambridge” -integrado por Marshall, Pigou, Keynes cuando joven, etc- en materias financieras y, por ende, de considerable importancia en el monetarismo. Sus obras todavía son consideradas de interés técnico Estudió en Eton y la Universidad de Cambridge, donde se graduó -1901 - en matemáticas con honores de primera clase. Pasó el resto de su vida dedicado al estudio de la economía. Entre 1904 y 1945 trabajó en el Departamento del Tesoro del Reino Unido, siendo nombrado (1919) director del Departamento de Investigaciones Financieras de esa entidad, cargo que mantuvo hasta su retiro, en 1949. Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial fue nombrado profesor Price de Economía Internacional en el Royal Institute of International Affairs (Londres). Él también fue profesor visitante en Harvard. Hawtrey adoptó un enfoque técnico y monetario de los ciclos económicos de la industria y el comercio, sugiriendo, para controlarlos, cambios en la oferta monetaria a través del ajuste en la tasa de interés bancario, sirviendo así como puente entre las ideas de Knut Wicksell y el trabajo posterior de Keynes. En la década de 1920, abogó por lo que se llamó más tarde la ‘’’Perspectiva de la Hacienda’’’ (Treasury View). También adelantó en 1931 el concepto de que se conoció como el efecto multiplicador (o, simplemente, "el multiplicador") , un coeficiente que muestra el efecto de un cambio en la inversión nacional total en el monto de la renta nacional total. En la opinión de Hawtrey la Gran Depresión fue principalmente resultado de la ruptura del patrón oro internacional. Hawtrey mismo había jugado un papel clave en la Conferencia de Génova de 1922, que trató de desarrollar mecanismos para un retorno estable a esa norma. Hawtrey fue nombrado Sir (caballero) en 1956.trey fue nombrado Sir (caballero) en 1956.
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Sir Ralph George Hawtrey (Slough, 22 novembre 1879 – Londra, 21 marzo 1975) è stato un economista inglese, amico intimo di John Maynard Keynes.
, Ralph George Hawtrey, född 22 november 187 … Ralph George Hawtrey, född 22 november 1879, död 21 mars 1975, var en brittisk nationalekonom. Hawtrey blev anställd i finansdepartementet 1904 och avdelningschef där 1919. Han åtnjöt internationellt anseende som expert på penning- och kreditfrågor och verkade för hindrandet av värdestegring av guld. Hawtrey ansåg det vara centralbankernas plikt att under depressionstider genom uppköp av obligationer ställa ökade kreditmöjligheter till näringslivets förfogande. Bland Hawtreys skrifter märks Good and bad trade (1913), Currency and credit (1919, 3:e upplagan 1928), The economic problem (1926), Gold standard in theory and practice (1927, 2:a upplagan 1931) och Trade depression and the way out (1931).h Trade depression and the way out (1931).
, 랄프 조지 호트리 경(Ralph George Hawtrey, 1879년 11 … 랄프 조지 호트리 경(Ralph George Hawtrey, 1879년 11월 22일 – 1975년 3월 21일)은 영국의 경제학자였으며, 존 메이너드 케인스의 절친한 친구였다. 그는 케임브리지 대학의 지적 비밀 사회인 케임브리지 사도들의 일원이었다.그는 산업과 상업의 경제적 우여곡절을 향해 통화주의적 접근을 취하여 은행 금리 조정을 통한 통화 공급의 변화를 옹호하여 케인즈의 후기 작업을 예고했다. 1920년대에 그는 후에 재무부 견해라고 불리는 것을 옹호했다. 그는 또한 1931년에 승수로 알려지게 된 개념을 발전 시켰는데, 이는 총 국민 투자의 변화가 총 국민 소득의 양에 미치는 영향을 보여주는 계수이다.국제 금본위제를 회복하려는 실패한 시도가 대공황으로 이어졌다는 것이 그의 견해였다.본위제를 회복하려는 실패한 시도가 대공황으로 이어졌다는 것이 그의 견해였다.
, Ralph George Hawtrey, né le 22 novembre 1879 à Slough et mort le 21 mars 1975 à Londres, est un économiste britannique. Proche ami de John Maynard Keynes, il a été anobli en 1956.
, Ральф Джордж Хоутри (англ. Ralph George Hawtrey; 22 ноября 1879, Слау — 21 марта 1975, Лондон) — британский экономист, который развил концепцию, которая позже была названа мультипликатором.
, Ralph George Hawtrey (22 de noviembre de 1 … Ralph George Hawtrey (22 de noviembre de 1879 - 21 de marzo de 1975) fue un matemático - economista británico, y amigo de John Maynard Keynes. Hawtrey fue el miembro más importante del llamado “Grupo de Cambridge” -integrado por Marshall, Pigou, Keynes cuando joven, etc- en materias financieras y, por ende, de considerable importancia en el monetarismo. Sus obras todavía son consideradas de interés técnico Hawtrey fue nombrado Sir (caballero) en 1956.trey fue nombrado Sir (caballero) en 1956.
, Sir Ralph George Hawtrey (22 November 1879 … Sir Ralph George Hawtrey (22 November 1879, Slough – 21 March 1975, London) was a British economist, and a close friend of John Maynard Keynes. He was a member of the Cambridge Apostles, the University of Cambridge intellectual secret society. It was his view that the botched attempt to restore the international gold standard led to the Great Depression. He had played a key role in the Genoa Conference of 1922, which attempted to devise arrangements for a stable return to the gold standard. for a stable return to the gold standard.
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랄프 조지 호트리
, Ralph George Hawtrey
, Хоутри, Ральф Джордж
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