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El Gran Levantamiento Prusiano fue la mayo … El Gran Levantamiento Prusiano fue la mayor de las revueltas protagonizadas por los antiguos prusianos, una tribu báltica, contra los Caballeros Teutónicos en el marco de las Cruzadas del Norte. Las órdenes militares cruzadas, apoyadas por el papa y la Europa cristiana, pretendían conquistar y convertir a los prusianos paganos.istar y convertir a los prusianos paganos.
, 普鲁士起义是在13世纪北方十字军入侵时期，之一的普鲁士人为反抗条顿骑士团统治，发起的 … 普鲁士起义是在13世纪北方十字军入侵时期，之一的普鲁士人为反抗条顿骑士团统治，发起的两次较大的起义和三次较小的暴乱的总称。在诸位教皇和欧洲基督教地区的支持下，十字军军事修士会试图征服信奉异教的普鲁士人，并使这一地区皈依天主教。在十字军的头十年间，七支主要普鲁士氏族当中的五支落入人数较少的条顿骑士团的统治中。但是，普鲁士人五次向他们的入侵者举起反抗的旗帜。 第一次起义得到的支持。普鲁士人起初占据上风，迫使骑士团退守区区五座最为坚固的城堡。但随后局势发生逆转，公爵节节败退，最终被迫与条顿骑士团议和。在希温托佩乌克二世不再支持普鲁士后，教皇英诺森四世的一名高级教士居中调停，双方签订和约。但是，这份和约从未被遵守或实行，在1249年的后更是如此。 第二次起义被后世称为“大普鲁士起义”，这次起义在1260年，骑士团遭受其在13世纪的最大失利——杜尔贝战役后爆发。这次起义时间最长，规模最大，对条顿骑士团威胁最大。在这次起义中，条顿骑士团再次退守其五座最为坚固的城堡。尽管教皇乌尔班四世多次催促，骑士团的援军迟迟未到，而他们的形势看起来会更糟。但对骑士团而言，幸运的是，普鲁士人缺少团结，步调不一，且援军最终在1265年左右到达普鲁士。普鲁士氏族一个接一个地投降，起义最终在1274年结束。后三次较小的起义则依靠外国援助，一两年内即被镇压。1295年的最后一次起义实际上结束了普鲁士十字军，普鲁士成为了信奉基督教的德语地区，本地的普鲁士人和大量来自德意志的不同邦国的定居者融入其中。为了信奉基督教的德语地区，本地的普鲁士人和大量来自德意志的不同邦国的定居者融入其中。
, Powstania pruskie – trzy powstania Prusów … Powstania pruskie – trzy powstania Prusów przeciwko zakonowi krzyżackiemu w XIII wieku. I powstanie pruskie wybuchło w 1242. Zakończył je korzystny dla Krzyżaków układ w Dzierzgoniu. II powstanie pruskie zwane również Wielkim Powstaniem Pruskim, trwało w latach 1260–1274. Wybuchło ono we wrześniu 1260 po klęsce Krzyżaków w bitwie pod Durben. Ostatecznie zakończyło się klęską powstańców i zwycięstwem zakonu krzyżackiego. Klęską powstańców zakończyło się również ostatnie , które miało miejsce w 1295. Zakończyło ono się całkowitym podbojem Prus przez zakon krzyżacki. Według szacunków opartych na źródłach historycznych walki z Krzyżakami przetrwało około 100 tysięcy Prusów. Na podstawie liczby wsi zakładanych na tak zwanym naukowcy szacują, iż na początku XV wieku na terenie Prus mieszkało około 150 tysięcy Prusów, co stanowiło blisko 40% ludności na terytorium pruskim. Zamieszkiwali oni przede wszystkim Sambię (95–100% ludności), Natangię (90%), na Warmii stanowili około 60% ludności, między 30 a 50% w Pomezanii, Pogezanii i Barcji. Pozostali żyli w rozproszeniu na innych terytoriach plemiennych. W następnych wiekach zasymilowali się oni z ludnością napływową z Polski, Niemiec, Litwy i innych.pływową z Polski, Niemiec, Litwy i innych.
, Le soulèvement prussien est constitué par … Le soulèvement prussien est constitué par deux soulèvements majeurs et trois soulèvements plus réduits des peuples prussiens anciens (l'une des tribus baltes) contre les chevaliers teutoniques, qui se déroulèrent au XIIIe siècle, durant les Croisades baltes. Les croisés, soutenus par les papes et les chrétiens d'Europe, pensaient conquérir et convertir les Prussiens « païens ». Pendant les dix premières années de la croisade, cinq des sept principaux clans prussiens passèrent sous le pouvoir des chevaliers teutoniques, bien moins nombreux. Toutefois les Prussiens se soulevèrent contre leurs conquérants à cinq occasions. Le premier soulèvement fut soutenu par le duc Świętopełk II de Poméranie. Les Prussiens remportèrent initialement des succès, réduisant les chevaliers à la possession de seulement cinq de leurs châteaux les plus puissants. Le duc subit ensuite une série de défaites et fut contraint de faire la paix avec les chevaliers teutoniques. Avec l'aide du duc Świętopełk II de Poméranie, les Prussiens vaincus durent négocier avec le prélat du pape Innocent IV un traité de paix avec les chevaliers. Le traité de Christburg, signé en 1249, ne fut cependant jamais honoré et fut rompu, en particulier après la bataille de Krücken. Le second soulèvement, connu dans l'histoire comme le « grand Soulèvement prussien » débuta en 1260 par la bataille de Durbe, la plus grande défaite des chevaliers teutoniques au XIIIe siècle. Ce soulèvement fut le plus long, le plus important et le plus menaçant pour l'Ordre des chevaliers teutoniques, qui à nouveau furent réduit à leurs cinq plus puissantes forteresses. Les renforts pour les chevaliers furent longs à arriver malgré les encouragements répétés du pape Urbain IV, et la position de l'Ordre, qui paraissait au pire. Heureusement pour celui-ci, les Prussiens manquaient d'unité et de stratégie commune et des renforts atteignirent finalement la Prusse en 1265. Un par un, les clans prussiens se rendirent et le soulèvement cessa en 1274. Les trois derniers soulèvements, de moindre importance, dépendirent d'aide extérieure et furent réprimés en un ou deux ans. Le dernier, en 1295, mit fin effectivement à la croisade balte et la Prusse devint un territoire chrétien de langue germanique, qui assimila les Prussiens natifs et un grand nombre de colons venant des différents États germanophones.venant des différents États germanophones.
, The Prussian uprisings were two major and … The Prussian uprisings were two major and three smaller uprisings by the Old Prussians, one of the Baltic tribes, against the Teutonic Knights that took place in the 13th century during the Prussian Crusade. The crusading military order, supported by the Popes and Christian Europe, sought to conquer and convert the pagan Prussians. In the first ten years of the crusade, five of the seven major Prussian clans fell under the control of the less numerous Teutonic Knights. However, the Prussians rose against their conquerors on five occasions. The first uprising was supported by Duke Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerania. The Prussians were successful at first, reducing the Knights to only five of their strongest castles. The duke then suffered a series of military defeats and was eventually forced to make peace with the Teutonic Knights. With Duke Swietopelk's support for the Prussians broken, a prelate of Pope Innocent IV negotiated a peace treaty between the Prussians and the Knights. This treaty was never honored or enforced, especially after the Prussian victory in the Battle of Krücken at the end of 1249. The second uprising, known in historiography as "the great Prussian uprising", was prompted by the 1260 Battle of Durbe, the largest defeat suffered by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century. This uprising was the longest, largest, and most threatening to the Teutonic Order, who again were reduced to five of their strongest castles. Reinforcements for the Knights were slow to arrive, despite repeated encouragements from Pope Urban IV, and the position of the Order looked set to worsen. Luckily for the Order, the Prussians lacked unity and a common strategy and reinforcements finally reached Prussia in around 1265. One by one, the Prussian clans surrendered and the uprising was ended in 1274. The later three lesser uprisings relied on foreign assistance and were suppressed within one or two years. The last uprising in 1295 effectively ended the Prussian Crusade, and Prussia became a Christian German-speaking territory, which assimilated native Prussians and a number of settlers from different German states. of settlers from different German states.
, Con rivolte prussiane si fa riferimento a … Con rivolte prussiane si fa riferimento a una serie di cinque insurrezioni, di cui due di dimensione maggiore e tre dalla portata ridotta, effettuate nel XIII secolo in Prussia dagli antichi Prussiani, una delle tante tribù baltiche, contro i Cavalieri teutonici. L'ordine religioso cavalleresco, con il sostegno papale e dall'Europa cristiana, si impose l'obiettivo di sottomere militarmente e convertire i Prussiani pagani. Nei primi dieci anni della crociata prussiana, la quale interessò la regione omonima, cinque delle sette principali famiglie nobili prussiane si erano arrese ai meno numerosi Cavalieri teutonici. Ciò non impedì ai Prussiani di insorgere contro i propri conquistatori in cinque occasioni. La prima rivolta fu finanziata dal duca Swietopelk II, duca di Pomerania. Inizialmente i Prussiani ebbero successo, riducendo i Cavalieri ad asserragliarsi nei soli cinque castelli rimasti sotto il loro controllo. Anche se la situazione sembrava volgere a favore del duca, le popolazioni locali riportarono una serie di sconfitte militari e, alla fine, dovettero riappacificarsi con i crociati. Venuto meno il sostegno del duca Swietopelk ai Prussiani, un legato pontificio spedito da papa Innocenzo IV negoziò un accordo di pace tra le due controparti. Tuttavia, questo trattato non fu mai onorato o applicato, specialmente dopo la vittoria prussiana nella battaglia di Krücken alla fine del 1249. La seconda rivolta, nota a livello storiografico come "grande rivolta prussiana", fu provocata dalla battaglia di Durbe del 1260, la più disastrosa sconfitta subita dai Cavalieri teutonici nel XIII secolo. Questa ribellione risultò la più lunga, seria e pericolosa per l'Ordine, il quale fu di nuovo costretto a rintanarsi nei cinque castelli meglio rinforzati. Le truppe che dovevano assistere i Cavalieri giungevano con lentezza, nonostante i ripetuti incoraggiamenti di papa Urbano IV, e per i teutonici tutto lasciava presagire al peggio. A svantaggiare i Pruzzi e ad impedirgli di assestare il colpo decisivo fu la mancanza di unità e di una strategia comune, che diede il tempo necessario affinché rinforzi più numerosi finalmente raggiunsero la Prussia intorno al 1265. Uno dopo l'altro, i gruppi prussiani si arresero e i focolai di insorti vennero stroncati nel 1274. Le successive tre rivolte minori dipesero da aiuti stranieri e furono soppresse nel giro di uno o due anni. L'ultima rivolta del 1295 pose fine alla crociata; con la Prussia che divenne infine un territorio cristiano di lingua tedesca, che assimilò i Prussiani nativi e un certo numero di coloni provenienti da diversi Stati del Sacro Romano Impero. da diversi Stati del Sacro Romano Impero.
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| rdfs:comment |
El Gran Levantamiento Prusiano fue la mayo … El Gran Levantamiento Prusiano fue la mayor de las revueltas protagonizadas por los antiguos prusianos, una tribu báltica, contra los Caballeros Teutónicos en el marco de las Cruzadas del Norte. Las órdenes militares cruzadas, apoyadas por el papa y la Europa cristiana, pretendían conquistar y convertir a los prusianos paganos.istar y convertir a los prusianos paganos.
, Powstania pruskie – trzy powstania Prusów … Powstania pruskie – trzy powstania Prusów przeciwko zakonowi krzyżackiemu w XIII wieku. I powstanie pruskie wybuchło w 1242. Zakończył je korzystny dla Krzyżaków układ w Dzierzgoniu. II powstanie pruskie zwane również Wielkim Powstaniem Pruskim, trwało w latach 1260–1274. Wybuchło ono we wrześniu 1260 po klęsce Krzyżaków w bitwie pod Durben. Ostatecznie zakończyło się klęską powstańców i zwycięstwem zakonu krzyżackiego. Klęską powstańców zakończyło się również ostatnie , które miało miejsce w 1295. Zakończyło ono się całkowitym podbojem Prus przez zakon krzyżacki.witym podbojem Prus przez zakon krzyżacki.
, 普鲁士起义是在13世纪北方十字军入侵时期，之一的普鲁士人为反抗条顿骑士团统治，发起的 … 普鲁士起义是在13世纪北方十字军入侵时期，之一的普鲁士人为反抗条顿骑士团统治，发起的两次较大的起义和三次较小的暴乱的总称。在诸位教皇和欧洲基督教地区的支持下，十字军军事修士会试图征服信奉异教的普鲁士人，并使这一地区皈依天主教。在十字军的头十年间，七支主要普鲁士氏族当中的五支落入人数较少的条顿骑士团的统治中。但是，普鲁士人五次向他们的入侵者举起反抗的旗帜。 第一次起义得到的支持。普鲁士人起初占据上风，迫使骑士团退守区区五座最为坚固的城堡。但随后局势发生逆转，公爵节节败退，最终被迫与条顿骑士团议和。在希温托佩乌克二世不再支持普鲁士后，教皇英诺森四世的一名高级教士居中调停，双方签订和约。但是，这份和约从未被遵守或实行，在1249年的后更是如此。士居中调停，双方签订和约。但是，这份和约从未被遵守或实行，在1249年的后更是如此。
, Le soulèvement prussien est constitué par … Le soulèvement prussien est constitué par deux soulèvements majeurs et trois soulèvements plus réduits des peuples prussiens anciens (l'une des tribus baltes) contre les chevaliers teutoniques, qui se déroulèrent au XIIIe siècle, durant les Croisades baltes. Les croisés, soutenus par les papes et les chrétiens d'Europe, pensaient conquérir et convertir les Prussiens « païens ». Pendant les dix premières années de la croisade, cinq des sept principaux clans prussiens passèrent sous le pouvoir des chevaliers teutoniques, bien moins nombreux. Toutefois les Prussiens se soulevèrent contre leurs conquérants à cinq occasions.contre leurs conquérants à cinq occasions.
, The Prussian uprisings were two major and … The Prussian uprisings were two major and three smaller uprisings by the Old Prussians, one of the Baltic tribes, against the Teutonic Knights that took place in the 13th century during the Prussian Crusade. The crusading military order, supported by the Popes and Christian Europe, sought to conquer and convert the pagan Prussians. In the first ten years of the crusade, five of the seven major Prussian clans fell under the control of the less numerous Teutonic Knights. However, the Prussians rose against their conquerors on five occasions.gainst their conquerors on five occasions.
, Con rivolte prussiane si fa riferimento a … Con rivolte prussiane si fa riferimento a una serie di cinque insurrezioni, di cui due di dimensione maggiore e tre dalla portata ridotta, effettuate nel XIII secolo in Prussia dagli antichi Prussiani, una delle tante tribù baltiche, contro i Cavalieri teutonici. L'ordine religioso cavalleresco, con il sostegno papale e dall'Europa cristiana, si impose l'obiettivo di sottomere militarmente e convertire i Prussiani pagani. Nei primi dieci anni della crociata prussiana, la quale interessò la regione omonima, cinque delle sette principali famiglie nobili prussiane si erano arrese ai meno numerosi Cavalieri teutonici. Ciò non impedì ai Prussiani di insorgere contro i propri conquistatori in cinque occasioni. propri conquistatori in cinque occasioni.
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| rdfs:label |
Prussian uprisings
, Soulèvement prussien
, Powstania pruskie
, Gran Levantamiento Prusiano
, Rivolte prussiane
, 普鲁士起义
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