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The open method of coordination (OMC) is a … The open method of coordination (OMC) is a relatively new intergovernmental means of governance in the European Union, based on the voluntary cooperation of its member states. The open method rests on soft law mechanisms such as guidelines and indicators, benchmarking and sharing of best practice. This means that there are no official sanctions for laggards. Rather, the method's effectiveness relies on a form of peer pressure and naming and shaming, as no member state wants to be seen as the worst in a given policy area. The OMC works in stages. Firstly, the Council of Ministers agrees on (often very broad) policy goals. Secondly, Member states then transpose guidelines into national and regional policies. Thirdly, specific benchmarks and indicators to measure best practice are agreed upon. Finally, results are monitored and evaluated. However, the OMC differs significantly across the various policy areas to which it has been applied: there may be shorter or longer reporting periods, guidelines may be set at EU or member state level and enforcement mechanisms may be harder or softer. The OMC is more intergovernmental in nature than the traditional means of policy-making in the EU, the so-called community method. Because it is a decentralised approach through which agreed policies are largely implemented by the member states and supervised by the Council of the European Union, the involvement of the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice is very weak indeed. Formally, at least, the European Commission has primarily a monitoring role; in practice, however, there is considerable scope for it to help set the policy agenda and persuade reluctant Member States to implement agreed policies. Although the OMC was devised as a tool in policy areas which remain the responsibility of national governments (and where the EU itself has no, or few, legislative powers) it is sometimes seen as a way for the Commission to "get a foot in the door" of a national policy area. The OMC was first applied in EU employment policy, as defined in the Amsterdam Treaty of 1997, although it was not called by this name at the time. It was officially named, defined and endorsed at the Lisbon Council for the realm of social policy. Since then it has been applied in the European employment strategy, social inclusion, pensions, consumer care, immigration, asylum, education and culture and research, and its use has also been suggested for health as well as environmental affairs. The OMC was also frequently debated in the European Convention. Historically, the OMC can be seen as a reaction to the EU's economic integration in the 1990s. This process reduced the member states' options in the field of employment policy. But they were also weary of delegating more powers to the European institutions and thus designed the OMC as an alternative to the existing EU modes of governance. In the following, the OMCs in the areas of employment and social protection will be analysed because they are usually considered the most developed ones. A brief introduction to the "upcoming" OMC in health is also given. However, bear in mind that the open method seems to become more and more widespread, including areas such as immigration and asylum which are not discussed here.n and asylum which are not discussed here.
, Il metodo aperto di coordinamento (MAC) è … Il metodo aperto di coordinamento (MAC) è un modo di coordinamento non vincolante delle politiche pubbliche dei diversi stati membri dell'Unione europea. Si applica nei domini che fanno essenzialmente parte della competenza degli Stati (come ad esempio la ) e ove l'Unione Europea non può emanare regole vincolanti (regolamenti o direttive). Questo metodo utilizza degli strumenti spesso collegati alla soft law ed issues del mondo del management e dell'impresa. Il MAC permette il riavvicinamento delle legislazioni nazionali nel quadro di politica pubblica voluta ma siccome il suo principio è la cooperazione volontaria degli stati, la sua efficacia non è reale finché non vi è consenso sugli obiettivi da conseguire. Il metodo aperto di coordinamento è spesso promosso come alternativa al metodo comunitario, ma pone anche una serie di problemi per quanto concerne la sua efficacia prevista, i suoi effetti sulle legislazioni e la sua legittimità democratica.slazioni e la sua legittimità democratica.
, La méthode ouverte de coordination (MOC) e … La méthode ouverte de coordination (MOC) est un mode de coordination non contraignant des politiques publiques des différents États membres de l'Union européenne. Il s'applique dans des domaines qui relèvent essentiellement de la compétence des États (comme la protection sociale), et où l'Union ne peut édicter de règles contraignantes (règlement ou directive). Cette méthode utilise des outils souvent rattachés au droit mou (soft law) et issus du monde du management et de l'entreprise, tels que les guides de bonne conduite, le partage des bonnes pratiques, l'évaluation par les pairs et le benchmarking (en français étalonnage). La MOC permet le rapprochement des législations nationales dans le domaine de politique publique visé. Mais comme son principe est la coopération volontaire des États, son efficacité n'est réelle que lorsqu'il y a consensus sur les objectifs à atteindre. La méthode ouverte de coordination est souvent promue comme une alternative à la méthode communautaire, mais elle pose aussi une série de problèmes en ce qui concerne son efficacité présumée, ses effets sur les législations et sa légitimité démocratique.égislations et sa légitimité démocratique.
, Den öppna samordningsmetoden är en mellans … Den öppna samordningsmetoden är en mellanstatlig metod som tillämpas inom Europeiska unionen i frågor där unionen har begränsad lagstiftande befogenhet, däribland viss socialpolitik, skydd för och förbättring av människors hälsa, turism samt utbildning, yrkesutbildning, ungdomsfrågor och idrott. Den öppna samordningsmetoden har tidigare även tillämpats i frågor som rör miljö, asyl och invandring, områden där unionen senare har fått utökade befogenheter. Metoden innebär att medlemsstaterna kommer överens om gemensamma mål och gemensamma indikatorer för resultatmätning, men överlåter åt de nationella myndigheterna att bestämma form och tillvägagångssätt för genomförandet. Medlemsstaterna åtar sig frivilligt att försöka nå de gemensamma målen. Genom ett gemensamt utvärderingsförfarande, där Europeiska kommissionen vanligtvis fyller en central funktion, lyfts de medlemsstater som lyckats med sin politik fram och de medlemsstater som inte har vidtagit nödvändiga åtgärder för att nå de gemensamma målen hängs ut. På så sätt tvingas medlemsstaterna indirekt att vidta åtgärder för att nå de gemensamma målen, trots att åtagandena inte är rättsligt bindande. Till skillnad från unionsmetoden, som i stor utsträckning tillämpas vid lagstiftning inom unionen, har både Europaparlamentet och EU-domstolen mycket begränsade befogenheter när den öppna samordningsmetoden tillämpas. Det är huvudsakligen Europeiska unionens råd, eller i vissa fall Europeiska rådet, som beslutar om vilka mål och åtgärder som ska vidtas inom ramen för den öppna samordningsmetoden.om ramen för den öppna samordningsmetoden.
, Die offene Methode der Koordinierung (OMK) … Die offene Methode der Koordinierung (OMK) ist eine Handlungsform der Europäischen Union, mit der diese außerhalb ihrer vom Primärrecht zugebilligten Kompetenzen zur Gesetzgebung politisch tätig werden kann. Die Methode wurde erstmals im Kontext der Initiativen zur europäischen Beschäftigungsstrategie in den 1990er Jahren entwickelt. Im Jahr 2003 wurde mit Art. 137 EG-Vertrag eine Rechtsgrundlage geschaffen. Seit dem Vertrag von Lissabon sind insbesondere Art. 5, Art. 6 und Art. 153 AEU-Vertrag relevant. Wesentliche Instrumente der OMK sind unverbindliche Empfehlungen und Leitlinien der Kommission an die Mitgliedstaaten. Die OMK tritt neben die Gemeinschaftsmethode und die intergouvernementale Methode, die die beiden wichtigsten Beschlussformen der Europäischen Union sind.schlussformen der Europäischen Union sind.
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| rdfs:comment |
Il metodo aperto di coordinamento (MAC) è … Il metodo aperto di coordinamento (MAC) è un modo di coordinamento non vincolante delle politiche pubbliche dei diversi stati membri dell'Unione europea. Si applica nei domini che fanno essenzialmente parte della competenza degli Stati (come ad esempio la ) e ove l'Unione Europea non può emanare regole vincolanti (regolamenti o direttive).gole vincolanti (regolamenti o direttive).
, The open method of coordination (OMC) is a … The open method of coordination (OMC) is a relatively new intergovernmental means of governance in the European Union, based on the voluntary cooperation of its member states. The open method rests on soft law mechanisms such as guidelines and indicators, benchmarking and sharing of best practice. This means that there are no official sanctions for laggards. Rather, the method's effectiveness relies on a form of peer pressure and naming and shaming, as no member state wants to be seen as the worst in a given policy area. seen as the worst in a given policy area.
, La méthode ouverte de coordination (MOC) e … La méthode ouverte de coordination (MOC) est un mode de coordination non contraignant des politiques publiques des différents États membres de l'Union européenne. Il s'applique dans des domaines qui relèvent essentiellement de la compétence des États (comme la protection sociale), et où l'Union ne peut édicter de règles contraignantes (règlement ou directive). Cette méthode utilise des outils souvent rattachés au droit mou (soft law) et issus du monde du management et de l'entreprise, tels que les guides de bonne conduite, le partage des bonnes pratiques, l'évaluation par les pairs et le benchmarking (en français étalonnage). La MOC permet le rapprochement des législations nationales dans le domaine de politique publique visé. Mais comme son principe est la coopération volontaire des Étatspe est la coopération volontaire des États
, Die offene Methode der Koordinierung (OMK) … Die offene Methode der Koordinierung (OMK) ist eine Handlungsform der Europäischen Union, mit der diese außerhalb ihrer vom Primärrecht zugebilligten Kompetenzen zur Gesetzgebung politisch tätig werden kann. Die Methode wurde erstmals im Kontext der Initiativen zur europäischen Beschäftigungsstrategie in den 1990er Jahren entwickelt. Im Jahr 2003 wurde mit Art. 137 EG-Vertrag eine Rechtsgrundlage geschaffen. Seit dem Vertrag von Lissabon sind insbesondere Art. 5, Art. 6 und Art. 153 AEU-Vertrag relevant. Wesentliche Instrumente der OMK sind unverbindliche Empfehlungen und Leitlinien der Kommission an die Mitgliedstaaten. Die OMK tritt neben die Gemeinschaftsmethode und die intergouvernementale Methode, die die beiden wichtigsten Beschlussformen der Europäischen Union sind.schlussformen der Europäischen Union sind.
, Den öppna samordningsmetoden är en mellans … Den öppna samordningsmetoden är en mellanstatlig metod som tillämpas inom Europeiska unionen i frågor där unionen har begränsad lagstiftande befogenhet, däribland viss socialpolitik, skydd för och förbättring av människors hälsa, turism samt utbildning, yrkesutbildning, ungdomsfrågor och idrott. Den öppna samordningsmetoden har tidigare även tillämpats i frågor som rör miljö, asyl och invandring, områden där unionen senare har fått utökade befogenheter.onen senare har fått utökade befogenheter.
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Méthode ouverte de coordination
, Öppna samordningsmetoden
, Offene Methode der Koordinierung
, Metodo aperto di coordinamento
, Open method of coordination
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