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マーガレット・アリス・マリー（Margaret Alice Murray、1863年7月13日 – 1963年11月13日）は、インド出身のイギリスのエジプト学者、考古学者、人類学者、歴史学者、民俗学者。
, Margaret Alice Murray (* 13. Juli 1863 in … Margaret Alice Murray (* 13. Juli 1863 in Kalkutta, Indien; † 13. November 1963 in Welwyn, Hertfordshire) war eine britische Anthropologin und Ägyptologin. Sie war in akademischen Kreisen weithin für wissenschaftliche Beiträge zur Ägyptologie und volkskundliche Studien bekannt, die zu einer Theorie über eine paneuropäische, vorchristliche, paganistische Religion um den „gehörnten Gott“ führte.e Religion um den „gehörnten Gott“ führte.
, Margaret Alice Murray, född 13 juli 1863 i … Margaret Alice Murray, född 13 juli 1863 i Calcutta i dåvarande Brittiska Indien, död 13 november 1963 i Welwyn i Hertfordshire, var en brittisk egyptolog, folklorist och lärare. Hon arbetade på University College London (UCL) från 1898 till 1935 och var ordförande för Folklore Society från 1953 till 1955. Hon utbildades i Indien till både sjuksköterska och socialarbetare. År 1894 började hon studera egyptologi på UCL, och utnämndes till ”Junior Professor” år 1898. År 1902 deltog hon I arkeologiska utgrävningar I Abydos i Egypten, och upptäckte templet för och det påföljande året begravningsplatsen vid Saqqara. Hon skapade sig därigenom ett namn inom egyptologin. När hon återvände till London blev hon nära involverad i den tidiga feministiska rörelsen och ägnade mycket arbete åt att öka kvinnors status vid UCL. Hon undervisade på Manchester Museum, och skrev böcker om egyptologi för en bredare publik. Eftersom hon på grund av första världskriget inte kunde återvända till Egypten inledde hon sin forskning om europeisk häxkult. Hon hade betraktats som en framstående egyptolog, men teorierna om häxkulten kom aldrig att bli accepterade i akademiska kretsar. Däremot fick den stort inflytande på uppkomsten av den nyhedniska, religiösa rörelsen wicca. Mellan 1921 och 1931 gjorde hon arkeologiska utgrävningar på Malta och Minorca, och fick ett ökat intresse för folkloristik. Hon fick ett hedersdoktorat 1927 och utnämndes till "assistant professor" år 1928. År 1935 pensionerades hon men fortsatte med undervisning och författande så länge hon levde.isning och författande så länge hon levde.
, Margaret Alice Murray (ur. 13 lipca 1863 w Kalkucie, zm. 13 listopada 1963 w Welwyn) – brytyjska egiptolog, archeolog i antropolog. Jedna z pionierek folklorystyki. Autorka teorii dotyczącej wiedźmiego kultu leżącej u podstaw religii wicca.
, Margaret Alice Murray (Calcuta, Índia, 13 … Margaret Alice Murray (Calcuta, Índia, 13 de juliol de 1863 - 13 de novembre de 1963) va ser una antropòloga britànica prominent i una egiptòloga. Fou ben coneguda en cercles acadèmics per les seues contribucions en egiptologia i l'estudi del folklore que la va conduir a teoritzar sobre una religió europea pagana que va girar al voltant del .ropea pagana que va girar al voltant del .
, Margaret Alice Murrayová (Kalkata, Indie, … Margaret Alice Murrayová (Kalkata, Indie, 13. července 1863 – 13. listopadu 1963) byla významnou britskou antropoložkou a egyptoložkou. V akademických kruzích byla dobře známá zejména pro odborné příspěvky z oblasti egyptologie, ale také studií folklóru. Toto studium vyústilo v její teorii o předkřesťanském, celoevropském novopohanském náboženství, související s uctíváním Rohatého boha. Její myšlenky měly významný vliv na vzniku Wiccy a vzkřísení neopohanského náboženství. Avšak pověst Murrayové, coby čarodějnické badatelky, byla kritizována mnohými historiky zejména kvůli jejím snahám subjektivně vyhodnocovat či jinak manipulovat se skutečnostmi tak, aby zapadaly do její teorie.ečnostmi tak, aby zapadaly do její teorie.
, Margaret Alice Murray (Calcuta, India, 13 … Margaret Alice Murray (Calcuta, India, 13 de julio de 1863 - 13 de noviembre de 1963) fue una antropóloga Anglo-india prominente. En enero de 1894 inició sus estudios de egiptología especializándose en escritura jeroglífica en la Oxford University lo que la convertiría en la primera mujer egiptóloga. Fue la primera mujer en ser nombrada profesora de arqueología en el Reino Unido, trabajó en el University College London (UCL) de 1898 a 1935. Fue presidenta de la Folklore Society desde 1953 hasta 1955, y publicó ampliamente en el transcurso de su carrera. Incapaz de regresar a Egipto debido a la Primera Guerra Mundial, centró su investigación en la hipótesis del culto de las brujas, la teoría de que los juicios de la primera cristiandad moderna eran un intento de extinguir una religión pagana precristiana sobreviviente dedicada al Dios Cornudo. Aunque más tarde se desacreditó académicamente, la teoría ganó amplia atención y demostró una influencia significativa en el nuevo movimiento religioso emergente de la Wicca. Murray también se involucró estrechamente en el movimiento sufragista, se unió a la Unión Social y Política de las Mujeres de Inglaterra (WSPUS) y dedicó mucho tiempo a mejorar el estatus de las mujeres en UCL. De 1921 a 1931 Murray emprendió excavaciones de sitios prehistóricos en Malta y Menorca y desarrolló su interés por la folclorismo. Galardonada con un doctorado honorario en 1927, fue nombrada profesora asistente en 1928 y se retiró de UCL en 1935. Ese año visitó Palestina para ayudar a Petrie a excavar Tall al-Ajjul y en 1937 dirigió una pequeña excavación en Petra en Jordania. Asumiendo la presidencia de la Folklore Society en su vida posterior, dio clases en instituciones como la Universidad de Cambridge y el City Literary Institute, y continuó publicando en forma independiente hasta su muerte.do en forma independiente hasta su muerte.
, مارغريت موراي (بالإنجليزية: Margaret Murra … مارغريت موراي (بالإنجليزية: Margaret Murray) (13 يوليو 1863 - 13 نوفمبر 1963) هي عالمة مصريات وآثار وأنثروبولوجيا ومؤرخة بريطانية. تعتبر أول امرأة يتم تعيينها كمحاضرة في المملكة المتحدة، حيث عملت في كلية لندن الجامعية من سنة 1898 إلى 1935. شغلت منصب رئيس جمعية الفولكلور البريطانية من سنة 1953 إلى 1955. وخلال مسيرتها العلمية قامت بنشر العديد من الكتابات المختلفة. وُلدت موراي لعائلة إنكليزية غنية من الطبقة الوسطى في كالكوتا بالهند البريطاني، وعاشت فترة شبابها بين الهند وبريطانيا وألمانيا حيث تدربت على التمريض والعمل الاجتماعي. انتقلت موراي إلى لندن في عام 1894، وبدأت دراسة علم المصريات في جامعة كاليفورنيا في لوس أنجلوس حيث تشكلت صداقة بينها وبين رئيس القسم فليندرز بيتري الذي دعم منشوراتها الأكاديمية الأولى وعينها كمعيدة في الجامعة في عام 1898. شاركت موراي في رحلة تنقيب إلى موقع أبيدوس في مصر حيث اكتُشف معبد أوزيريون ومقبرة سقارة، وجعلتها هذه الرحلة من أشهر العلماء في مجالها. حقق لها عملها في جامعة كاليفورنيا في لوس أنجلوس من خلال إعطاء دروس ومحاضرات عامة في المتحف البريطاني ومتحف مانشستر سمعةً واسعة، وأضاف إلى رصيد شهرتها قيادتها لعملية فك تغليف مومياء خنوم ناخت، وهي واحدة من الموميوات التي انتُشلت من قبر الأخوين في عام 1908. كانت موراي أول امرأة تفك تغليف مومياء.شاركت موراي بقوة في الموجة الأولى للحركة النسوية، وانضمت إلى الاتحاد الاجتماعي والسياسي للمرأة، وخصصت الكثير من الوقت لتحسين وضع المرأة في جامعة كاليفورنيا. توقفت موراي عن الذهاب إلى مصر بسبب الحرب العالمية الأولى وركزت أبحاثها على فرضية عبادة السحرة، وهي النظرية القائلة بأن محاكمات السحرة لدى المسيحية الحديثة الأولى كانت محاولة لإخماد دين وثني يسبق وجود المسيحية وكُرّس لإله مقدّس. أجرت موراي رحلات تنقيب لمواقع تابعة لعصور ما قبل التاريخ في مالطا ومينوركا من عام 1921 إلى عام 1931، وطورت اهتمامها بالفلكلوريات. حصلت على الدكتوراه الفخرية في عام 1927، وعيُنت كأستاذة مساعدة في عام 1928 وتقاعدت من جامعة كاليفورنيا في عام 1935. زارت موراي فلسطين للمساعدة في رحلة تنقيب بيتري في تل العجول، وقادت رحلات تنقيب صغيرة إلى موقع البتراء بالأردن في عام 1937. تولت رئاسة جمعية الفولكلور، وحاضرت في جامعة كامبريدج ومعهد المدينة الأدبي، واستمرت في النشر بشكل مستقل حتى وفاتها. نالت أعمالها في علم المصريات وعلم الآثار شهرة واسعة وحصلت بسببها على لقب «المرأة العجوز الكبرى في علم المصريات».قب «المرأة العجوز الكبرى في علم المصريات».
, Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutta, 13 luglio … Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutta, 13 luglio 1863 – Londra, 13 novembre 1963) è stata un'egittologa e antropologa britannica. Riconosciuta la sua indubbia competenza come egittologa, Margaret Murray divenne tuttavia celebre come antropologa, dopo aver elaborato un'originale ipotesi sul culto stregonesco in Europa. La sua ricerca antropologica si incentrò infatti sul folklore europeo, facendole individuare una religione pagana precristiana, che ritenne capace di sopravvivere sottotraccia per secoli dopo l'avvento del cristianesimo come religione di Stato (IV secolo); una religione minoritaria inevitabilmente perseguitata nei secoli successivi come stregoneria da parte del nuovo potere religioso, con particolare violenza repressiva durante il periodo compreso tra la fine del Medioevo e l'inizio del secolo XVIII quale acme della caccia alle streghe. La Murray rese nota la sua teoria con due studi: Witch Cult in Western Europe del 1921, di indole accademica e pubblicato in Italia come ''le streghe nell'Europa occidentale'' dalla Garzanti; indi, nel 1933, col più ampio , concepito in chiave divulgativa e che difatti diventò un best seller. La tesi della Murray trovò vasto riconoscimento per oltre trent'anni in Gran Bretagna, ove il milieu culturale nazionale era da tempo già pronto ad accogliere tutto ciò che riguardasse il paganesimo, il ritorno alla natura secondo le venuste tradizioni folkloriche. La tesi della Murray sulla stregoneria venne di poi smentita negli anni '60, mediante rigorosi studi antropologici. Tuttavia, l'impatto della tesi era stato enorme, sia a livello accademico che sociale, tanto da venir assunta tra i "miti di fondazione" della Wicca e in genere di tutto il contemporaneo neopaganesimo . di tutto il contemporaneo neopaganesimo .
, Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutta, Inde, 13 … Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutta, Inde, 13 juillet 1863 - 13 novembre 1963) est une anthropologue et égyptologue britannique. Elle était bien connue dans les cercles d'universitaires pour ses contributions savantes à l'égyptologie et à l'étude du folklore qui a mené à la théorie paneuropéaniste, la religion païenne préchrétienne fondée autour du dieu cornu. Ses idées sont reconnues pour avoir sensiblement influencé l'apparition des religions néopaganistes de la Wicca et du reconstructionisme. Cependant, la réputation d'érudite dans le domaine de la sorcellerie de Margaret Murray a été critiquée par la plupart des historiens en raison de sa tendance prononcée à manipuler ou à interpréter subjectivement l'évidence, pour se conformer à la théorie.'évidence, pour se conformer à la théorie.
, Margaret Alice MURRAY (naskiĝis la 13-an d … Margaret Alice MURRAY (naskiĝis la 13-an de julio 1863 en Kolkato, Barato - mortis la 13-an de novembro 1963) estis elstara brita antropologino kaj egitpologino. Ŝi estis famkonita inter akademianoj pro siaj lertaj kontribuoj al egiptologio. Ŝiaj studadoj pri folkloro kaj sorĉarto cetere naskis la teorion de tuteŭropa, prakristana pagana religio fondita sur . Ŝiaj opinioj kaj teorioj grave influis la estigon de viko kaj la aliajn branĉojn de novpaganismo.ko kaj la aliajn branĉojn de novpaganismo.
, Ма́ргарет Э́лис Мю́ррей (англ. Margaret Al … Ма́ргарет Э́лис Мю́ррей (англ. Margaret Alice Murray; 13 июля 1863, Калькутта, Британская Индия — 13 ноября 1963, Велвин[d], Хартфордшир) — британский антрополог, археолог, египтолог, культуролог и писательница. Родилась в богатой английской семье в Калькутте (Британская Индия). Юность провела в Индии, Великобритании и Германии, выучившись на медсестру и социального работника. Переехала в Лондон в 1894 году, и, поступив в Университетский колледж города, начала изучать египтологию, подружившись с заведующим кафедрой Флиндерсом Питри, который поощрял её ранние академические публикации и назначил младшим профессором в 1898 году. В 1902–03 гг. совместно с Питри принимала участие в раскопках в Абидосе, открыв храм Осириона, а в следующем сезоне исследовала кладбище в Саккаре, что упрочило её репутацию в египтологии. Участвовала при изучении мумий, став первой женщиной, осуществившей процесс развёртывания мумии. Осознав, что британская египтомания отражает существование широкого общественного интереса к Древнему Египту, Мюррей написала несколько книг по египтологии, предназначенных для широкой аудитории. Мюррей также активно участвовала в феминистском движении первой волны, присоединившись к Женскому общественно-политическому союзу и посвятив много времени улучшению положения женщин в Университетском колледже. Не имея возможности вернуться в Египет из-за Первой мировой войны, она сосредоточила свои исследования на западноевропейском фольклоре и разработке , теории о том, что судебные процессы над ведьмами в христианском мире раннего Нового времени были попыткой уничтожить уцелевшую дохристианскую языческую религию, посвящённую рогатому богу. Исследования учёной на эту тему были опубликованы в её нескольких книгах, таких как «Культ ведьм в Западной Европе». Хотя позже гипотеза ведьмовского культа в академических кругах была отвергнута, она привлекла к себе внимание общественности и оказала значительное влияние на зарождающееся неоязыческое движение викки. Маргарет Мюррей не получила в ранние годы формального школьного образования, а в Университетский колледж Лондона поступила без вступительных экзаменов, очевидно, благодаря связям и положению родителей в обществе. Тем не менее, она, всецело посвятив себя исследовательской работе, как полевой так и теоретической, заслужила признанный авторитет среди европейских коллег, несмотря даже на некоторыми неоднозначные свои труды. Успешно работала в качестве археолога в Египте и на Мальте во времена, когда доминирование учёных-мужчин в этой области было бесспорным. Мюррей так и не вышла замуж, детей у неё не было. Умерла на 101 году жизни, тело было кремировано. на 101 году жизни, тело было кремировано.
, Margaret Alice Murray (13 Juli 1863 - 13 N … Margaret Alice Murray (13 Juli 1863 - 13 November 1963) adalah seorang egiptolog (pakar kebudayaan mesir) berkebangsaan Anglo-india, arkeolog, antropolog, sejarawan, dan folkloris (ahli cerita rakyat). Murray menghabiskan masa kecilnya di India dan Inggris serta sempat berdomisili di Jerman. Latar belakang pendidikan awalnya adalah seorang tenaga medis dan sempat menjadi perawat. Selain itu Murray juga menjadi pekerja sosial sebelum memulai kuliahnya di London. Pada tahun 1894 Murray kuliah di University College London jurusan linguistik dan egyptologi (sejarah Mesir kuno). Murray adalah ahli sejarah Mesir kuno wanita pertama yang bekerja di Museum Manchester di Universitas Manchester. Murray adalah bagian dari kelompok yang dibuat oleh ahli Mesir kuno Inggris yang paling terkenal sepanjang sejarah, William Flinders Petrie. Awal bergabung dengan William Flinders Petrie, Murray membantunya menyalin dan membuat ilustrasi dari setiap kegiatan penggalian situs yang mereka lakukan. Salah satunya adalah publikasi buku Petrie yang berjudul Koptos. Murray kemudian menjadi asistennya dan mulai mengajar ilmu bahasa. Muridnya yang kemudian menjadi ahli Mesir kuno juga adalah , dan Murray juga mengajar kelas malam di Museum Inggris. Popularitas di bidang Mesir kuno didapatkannya saat bergabung dalam penggalian di Abydos. Murray juga terlibat di dalam penggalian situs di Petra, Malta dan banyak tempat yang lain. Dia menemukan , kuil Osiris yang terkenal di Abydos dari tahun kekuasaan Seti I. Pada tahun 1908, Murray membuka peti dan pembungkus mumi Dia adalah wanita pertama yang membuka peti dan pembungkus mumi. Di luar bidang akademisi yang ditekuninya, Murray tertarik untuk menuliskan cerita rakyat dan hubungannya dengan ilmu sihir. Tiga buku yang diterbitkannya membahas tentang hal ini serta tentang Wiccan dan neopaganisme.ini serta tentang Wiccan dan neopaganisme.
, Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutá, 13 de julh … Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutá, 13 de julho de 1863 - , 13 de novembro de 1963) foi uma proeminente arqueóloga, egiptóloga, historiadora, folclorista e antropóloga britânica. Foi a primeira mulher a ser nomeada como palestrante no Reino Unido. Trabalhou na University College London de 1898 a 1935. Foi presidente da Sociedade de Folclore, de 1953 a 1955. Seus livros da década de 20 e 30 sobre a hipótese do culto bruxo foram fundamentais para inspirar os primeiros movimentos que deram origem à religião da Wicca. Nascida em uma família de classe média alta em Calcutá, na Índia Britânica, Margaret cresceu dividida entre várias nações, como Índia, Reino Unido e Alemanha, estudando para ser enfermeira. Ao mudar-se para Londres, em 1894, começou a estudar egiptologia, na University College London, ficando amiga de Flinders Petrie, chefe do departamento, que a encorajou a publicar seus primeiros trabalhos acadêmicos e a apontou como professora assistente em 1898. Em 1902 e 1903, participou das escavações de Flinders em Abidos, no , tendo descoberto o Osireion. Na temporada seguinte, investigou o complexo de Sacará, o que rendeu a ambos grande reconhecimento dentro da egiptologia. Complementando seu salário na universidade com palestras e aulas no Museu Britânico e no Museu de Manchester. No final de 1908, ela desenfaixou a múmia de Khnum-nakht, uma das múmias recuperadas da "Tumba de Dois Irmãos", tendo sido a primeira vez que uma mulher publicamente desenfaixou uma múmia. Notando a febre que a egiptologia tinha sobre os britânicos, Margaret escreveu vários livros sobre o assunto, todos voltados para o público leigo. Margaret também se tornou muito íntima do movimento feminista, juntando-se à Women's Social and Political Union, devotando grande parte do seu tempo em melhorar as condições de trabalho das mulheres na universidade. Impedida de retornar ao Egito por conta da Primeira Guerra Mundial, ela focou os estudos na Hipótese do culto bruxo, uma teoria de que os julgamentos de bruxas na Idade Média foram uma tentativa de extinguir o paganismo que sobreviveu à perseguição cristã devotada ao deus com cornos. Apesar de grandemente desacreditada no meio acadêmico, a teoria ganhou atenção e teve grande influência no emergente movimento religioso da Wicca. De 1921 a 1931, Margaret trabalhou em escavações em sítios pré-históricos em Malta e Minorca, tendo grande interesse no folclorismo. Agraciada com um doutorado honorário em 1927, foi apontada como professora assistente em 1928 e aposentou-se da universidade em 1935. Neste ano, ela visitou a Palestina para ajudar na escavação de Flinders em e em 1937 liderou uma pequena escavação em Petra, na Jordânia. Assumindo a presidência na Sociedade de Folclore, ela palestrou em várias instituições, como a Universidade de Cambridge e continuou publicando livros até sua morte. O trabalho de Margaret em egiptologia e arqueologia foi grandemente aclamado e ela ganhou a alcunha de Maior Mulher na Egiptologia, apesar de parte de seu trabalho ter sido ofuscado pelos trabalhos de Flinders Petrie. Já seus trabalhos sobre a história da bruxaria, o foi desacreditado academicamente e seus métodos pesadamente criticados pela comunidade científica. Devido ao seu trabalho e sua influência na Wicca, ela foi chamada pelos estudiosos como "Avó da Wicca".mada pelos estudiosos como "Avó da Wicca".
, Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutta, 13 juli 1 … Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutta, 13 juli 1863 – Welwyn, 13 november 1963) was een vooraanstaand Brits egyptologe en antropologe. Zij is vooral bekend geworden door haar werk in de egyptologie, "de kern van haar academische carrière". Haar naam is ook verbonden aan haar Heksencultus-hypothese, de theorie dat de heksenprocessen in het vroegmoderne Europa en Noord-Amerika een poging waren om een nog overlevende voorchristelijke, heidense religie uit te roeien die gewijd was aan een Gehoornde God. Hoewel deze theorie later betwist en in diskrediet gebracht werd door historici als , en , had zij toch een belangrijk aandeel in het ontstaan van neopaganistische religies zoals wicca. Haar werk in de egyptologie gebeurde grotendeels samen met haar mentor en vriend, de archeoloog Sir William Flinders Petrie en diens echtgenote Hilda Petrie, met wie ze samenwerkte aan het University College London. Margaret Murray was een van de eerste vrouwen die met haar werk een serieuze impact had op de academische wereld. Ze was ook een vurig feministe, actief betrokken bij de suffragettebeweging. Van 1953 tot 1955 was ze voorzitter van de , hoewel sinds haar dood verschillende leden van deze groep geprobeerd hebben om de organisatie van haar en van haar heksencultus-hypothese te distantiëren.ar heksencultus-hypothese te distantiëren.
, Margaret Alice Murray (13 July 1863 – 13 N … Margaret Alice Murray (13 July 1863 – 13 November 1963) was an Anglo-Indian Egyptologist, archaeologist, anthropologist, historian, and folklorist. The first woman to be appointed as a lecturer in archaeology in the United Kingdom, she worked at University College London (UCL) from 1898 to 1935. She served as President of the Folklore Society from 1953 to 1955, and published widely over the course of her career. Born to a wealthy middle-class English family in Calcutta, British India, Murray divided her youth between India, Britain, and Germany, training as both a nurse and a social worker. Moving to London, in 1894 she began studying Egyptology at UCL, developing a friendship with department head Flinders Petrie, who encouraged her early academic publications and appointed her Junior Professor in 1898. In 1902–03 she took part in Petrie's excavations at Abydos, Egypt, there discovering the Osireion temple and the following season investigated the Saqqara cemetery, both of which established her reputation in Egyptology. Supplementing her UCL wage by giving public classes and lectures at the British Museum and Manchester Museum, it was at the latter in 1908 that she led the unwrapping of Khnum-nakht, one of the mummies recovered from the Tomb of the Two Brothers – the first time that a woman had publicly unwrapped a mummy. Recognising that British Egyptomania reflected the existence of a widespread public interest in Ancient Egypt, Murray wrote several books on Egyptology targeted at a general audience. Murray also became closely involved in the first-wave feminist movement, joining the Women's Social and Political Union and devoting much time to improving women's status at UCL. Unable to return to Egypt due to the First World War, she focused her research on the witch-cult hypothesis, the theory that the witch trials of Early Modern Christendom were an attempt to extinguish a surviving pre-Christian, pagan religion devoted to a Horned God. Although later academically discredited, the theory gained widespread attention and proved a significant influence on the emerging new religious movement of Wicca. From 1921 to 1931 Murray undertook excavations of prehistoric sites on Malta and Menorca and developed her interest in folkloristics. Awarded an honorary doctorate in 1927, she was appointed Assistant Professor in 1928 and retired from UCL in 1935. That year she visited Palestine to aid Petrie's excavation of Tall al-Ajjul and in 1937 she led a small excavation at Petra in Jordan. Taking on the presidency of the Folklore Society in later life, she lectured at such institutions as the University of Cambridge and City Literary Institute, and continued to publish in an independent capacity until her death. Murray's work in Egyptology and archaeology was widely acclaimed and earned her the nickname of "The Grand Old Woman of Egyptology", although after her death many of her contributions to the field were overshadowed by those of Petrie. Conversely, Murray's work in folkloristics and the history of witchcraft has been academically discredited and her methods in these areas heavily criticised. The influence of her witch-cult theory in both religion and literature has been examined by various scholars, and she herself has been dubbed the "Grandmother of Wicca".as been dubbed the "Grandmother of Wicca".
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[I] went to her hundredth birthday party w … [I] went to her hundredth birthday party where she sat enthroned — no other word for it — surrounded by family and friends. A distant cousin — what we would have called an elderly lady of eighty — was bringing greetings from even more distant relatives in Australia and suddenly forgot, as happens to many people half her age and a third of the age of Ma Murray, one name. "How stupid of me, Cousin Margaret," she said, "how stupid the name has quite gone out of my head." Ma Murray focused her eyes on this old lady twenty years her junior — cold eyes in which feeling seemed extinguished in the neutrality of eternity — and said gently and kindly, "Not stupidity, my dear. Not stupidity:
just mental laziness."ear. Not stupidity:
just mental laziness."
, That this "old religion" persisted secretl … That this "old religion" persisted secretly, without leaving any evidence, is, of course, possible, just as it is possible that below the surface of the moon lie extensive deposits of Stilton cheese. Anything is possible. But it is nonsense to assert the existence of something for which no evidence exists. The Murrayites ask us to swallow a most peculiar sandwich: a large piece of the wrong evidence between two thick slices of no evidence at all.en two thick slices of no evidence at all.
, When I suddenly realised that the so-calle … When I suddenly realised that the so-called Devil was simply a disguised man I was startled, almost alarmed, by the way the recorded facts fell into place, and showed that the witches were members of an old and primitive form of religion, and the records had been made by members of a new and persecuting form. by members of a new and persecuting form.
, Surely, discussion of what confessedly is … Surely, discussion of what confessedly is so unripe is premature. When Miss Murray has broadened her study to all the lands where she can find the "cult"; when she has dealt with documents worthier the name of records than the chapbooks and the formless reports that have to serve us for the British trials; when she has traced back witch-sabbath and questionary through the centuries of witch and heretic hunting that precede the British; when she has trusted herself to study the work of other students and fairly to weigh their conclusions against her own in the light of the further evidence they may adduce: then perhaps she may have modified her views. Whether she changes or confirms them, she will then have earned the right to a hearing.l then have earned the right to a hearing.
, No British folklorist can remember Dr Marg … No British folklorist can remember Dr Margaret Murray without embarrassment and a sense of paradox. She is one of the few folklorists whose name became widely known to the public, but among scholars, her reputation is deservedly low; her theory that witches were members of a huge secret society preserving a prehistoric fertility cult through the centuries is now seen to be based on deeply flawed
methods and illogical arguments. The fact that, in her old age and after three increasingly eccentric books, she was made President of the Folklore Society, must certainly have harmed the reputation of the Society and possibly the status of folkloristics in this country; it helps to explain the mistrust some historians still feel towards our discipline.torians still feel towards our discipline.
, The extreme negative and positive reaction … The extreme negative and positive reactions to The Witch-Cult in Western Europe, as well as its legacy in religion and literature, register as responses to its fantastical form and content and especially to its implication of an alternate, woman-centered history of Western religion. At least one contemporary review turns Murray's suggestion of continuity between the premodern witches and contemporary women back on her in an ad hominem attack.women back on her in an ad hominem attack.
, 1970.0
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Margaret Alice Murray (ur. 13 lipca 1863 w Kalkucie, zm. 13 listopada 1963 w Welwyn) – brytyjska egiptolog, archeolog i antropolog. Jedna z pionierek folklorystyki. Autorka teorii dotyczącej wiedźmiego kultu leżącej u podstaw religii wicca.
, マーガレット・アリス・マリー（Margaret Alice Murray、1863年7月13日 – 1963年11月13日）は、インド出身のイギリスのエジプト学者、考古学者、人類学者、歴史学者、民俗学者。
, Margaret Alice Murrayová (Kalkata, Indie, … Margaret Alice Murrayová (Kalkata, Indie, 13. července 1863 – 13. listopadu 1963) byla významnou britskou antropoložkou a egyptoložkou. V akademických kruzích byla dobře známá zejména pro odborné příspěvky z oblasti egyptologie, ale také studií folklóru. Toto studium vyústilo v její teorii o předkřesťanském, celoevropském novopohanském náboženství, související s uctíváním Rohatého boha.ví, související s uctíváním Rohatého boha.
, Margaret Alice MURRAY (naskiĝis la 13-an d … Margaret Alice MURRAY (naskiĝis la 13-an de julio 1863 en Kolkato, Barato - mortis la 13-an de novembro 1963) estis elstara brita antropologino kaj egitpologino. Ŝi estis famkonita inter akademianoj pro siaj lertaj kontribuoj al egiptologio. Ŝiaj studadoj pri folkloro kaj sorĉarto cetere naskis la teorion de tuteŭropa, prakristana pagana religio fondita sur . Ŝiaj opinioj kaj teorioj grave influis la estigon de viko kaj la aliajn branĉojn de novpaganismo.ko kaj la aliajn branĉojn de novpaganismo.
, Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutta, 13 luglio … Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutta, 13 luglio 1863 – Londra, 13 novembre 1963) è stata un'egittologa e antropologa britannica. Riconosciuta la sua indubbia competenza come egittologa, Margaret Murray divenne tuttavia celebre come antropologa, dopo aver elaborato un'originale ipotesi sul culto stregonesco in Europa. La sua ricerca antropologica si incentrò infatti sul folklore europeo, facendole individuare una religione pagana precristiana, che ritenne capace di sopravvivere sottotraccia per secoli dopo l'avvento del cristianesimo come religione di Stato (IV secolo); una religione minoritaria inevitabilmente perseguitata nei secoli successivi come stregoneria da parte del nuovo potere religioso, con particolare violenza repressiva durante il periodo compreso tra la fine del Medioevo e l'iniziompreso tra la fine del Medioevo e l'inizi
, Margaret Alice Murray (* 13. Juli 1863 in … Margaret Alice Murray (* 13. Juli 1863 in Kalkutta, Indien; † 13. November 1963 in Welwyn, Hertfordshire) war eine britische Anthropologin und Ägyptologin. Sie war in akademischen Kreisen weithin für wissenschaftliche Beiträge zur Ägyptologie und volkskundliche Studien bekannt, die zu einer Theorie über eine paneuropäische, vorchristliche, paganistische Religion um den „gehörnten Gott“ führte.e Religion um den „gehörnten Gott“ führte.
, Ма́ргарет Э́лис Мю́ррей (англ. Margaret Alice Murray; 13 июля 1863, Калькутта, Британская Индия — 13 ноября 1963, Велвин[d], Хартфордшир) — британский антрополог, археолог, египтолог, культуролог и писательница.
, Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutá, 13 de julh … Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutá, 13 de julho de 1863 - , 13 de novembro de 1963) foi uma proeminente arqueóloga, egiptóloga, historiadora, folclorista e antropóloga britânica. Foi a primeira mulher a ser nomeada como palestrante no Reino Unido. Trabalhou na University College London de 1898 a 1935. Foi presidente da Sociedade de Folclore, de 1953 a 1955. Seus livros da década de 20 e 30 sobre a hipótese do culto bruxo foram fundamentais para inspirar os primeiros movimentos que deram origem à religião da Wicca.ntos que deram origem à religião da Wicca.
, Margaret Alice Murray (Calcuta, India, 13 … Margaret Alice Murray (Calcuta, India, 13 de julio de 1863 - 13 de noviembre de 1963) fue una antropóloga Anglo-india prominente. En enero de 1894 inició sus estudios de egiptología especializándose en escritura jeroglífica en la Oxford University lo que la convertiría en la primera mujer egiptóloga. Fue la primera mujer en ser nombrada profesora de arqueología en el Reino Unido, trabajó en el University College London (UCL) de 1898 a 1935. Fue presidenta de la Folklore Society desde 1953 hasta 1955, y publicó ampliamente en el transcurso de su carrera. Incapaz de regresar a Egipto debido a la Primera Guerra Mundial, centró su investigación en la hipótesis del culto de las brujas, la teoría de que los juicios de la primera cristiandad moderna eran un intento de extinguir una religión paganun intento de extinguir una religión pagan
, Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutta, 13 juli 1 … Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutta, 13 juli 1863 – Welwyn, 13 november 1963) was een vooraanstaand Brits egyptologe en antropologe. Zij is vooral bekend geworden door haar werk in de egyptologie, "de kern van haar academische carrière". Haar naam is ook verbonden aan haar Heksencultus-hypothese, de theorie dat de heksenprocessen in het vroegmoderne Europa en Noord-Amerika een poging waren om een nog overlevende voorchristelijke, heidense religie uit te roeien die gewijd was aan een Gehoornde God. Hoewel deze theorie later betwist en in diskrediet gebracht werd door historici als , en , had zij toch een belangrijk aandeel in het ontstaan van neopaganistische religies zoals wicca.van neopaganistische religies zoals wicca.
, Margaret Alice Murray (Calcuta, Índia, 13 … Margaret Alice Murray (Calcuta, Índia, 13 de juliol de 1863 - 13 de novembre de 1963) va ser una antropòloga britànica prominent i una egiptòloga. Fou ben coneguda en cercles acadèmics per les seues contribucions en egiptologia i l'estudi del folklore que la va conduir a teoritzar sobre una religió europea pagana que va girar al voltant del .ropea pagana que va girar al voltant del .
, مارغريت موراي (بالإنجليزية: Margaret Murra … مارغريت موراي (بالإنجليزية: Margaret Murray) (13 يوليو 1863 - 13 نوفمبر 1963) هي عالمة مصريات وآثار وأنثروبولوجيا ومؤرخة بريطانية. تعتبر أول امرأة يتم تعيينها كمحاضرة في المملكة المتحدة، حيث عملت في كلية لندن الجامعية من سنة 1898 إلى 1935. شغلت منصب رئيس جمعية الفولكلور البريطانية من سنة 1953 إلى 1955. وخلال مسيرتها العلمية قامت بنشر العديد من الكتابات المختلفة.مية قامت بنشر العديد من الكتابات المختلفة.
, Margaret Alice Murray, född 13 juli 1863 i … Margaret Alice Murray, född 13 juli 1863 i Calcutta i dåvarande Brittiska Indien, död 13 november 1963 i Welwyn i Hertfordshire, var en brittisk egyptolog, folklorist och lärare. Hon arbetade på University College London (UCL) från 1898 till 1935 och var ordförande för Folklore Society från 1953 till 1955. för Folklore Society från 1953 till 1955.
, Margaret Alice Murray (13 July 1863 – 13 N … Margaret Alice Murray (13 July 1863 – 13 November 1963) was an Anglo-Indian Egyptologist, archaeologist, anthropologist, historian, and folklorist. The first woman to be appointed as a lecturer in archaeology in the United Kingdom, she worked at University College London (UCL) from 1898 to 1935. She served as President of the Folklore Society from 1953 to 1955, and published widely over the course of her career.shed widely over the course of her career.
, Margaret Alice Murray (13 Juli 1863 - 13 N … Margaret Alice Murray (13 Juli 1863 - 13 November 1963) adalah seorang egiptolog (pakar kebudayaan mesir) berkebangsaan Anglo-india, arkeolog, antropolog, sejarawan, dan folkloris (ahli cerita rakyat). Murray adalah bagian dari kelompok yang dibuat oleh ahli Mesir kuno Inggris yang paling terkenal sepanjang sejarah, William Flinders Petrie. Awal bergabung dengan William Flinders Petrie, Murray membantunya menyalin dan membuat ilustrasi dari setiap kegiatan penggalian situs yang mereka lakukan. Salah satunya adalah publikasi buku Petrie yang berjudul Koptos.ublikasi buku Petrie yang berjudul Koptos.
, Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutta, Inde, 13 … Margaret Alice Murray (Calcutta, Inde, 13 juillet 1863 - 13 novembre 1963) est une anthropologue et égyptologue britannique. Elle était bien connue dans les cercles d'universitaires pour ses contributions savantes à l'égyptologie et à l'étude du folklore qui a mené à la théorie paneuropéaniste, la religion païenne préchrétienne fondée autour du dieu cornu. Ses idées sont reconnues pour avoir sensiblement influencé l'apparition des religions néopaganistes de la Wicca et du reconstructionisme. Cependant, la réputation d'érudite dans le domaine de la sorcellerie de Margaret Murray a été critiquée par la plupart des historiens en raison de sa tendance prononcée à manipuler ou à interpréter subjectivement l'évidence, pour se conformer à la théorie.'évidence, pour se conformer à la théorie.
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| rdfs:label |
Margaret Murray
, Margaret Alice Murray
, مارغريت موراي
, Мюррей, Маргарет
, マーガレット・マリー
, Марґарет Мюррей
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