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قائمة العلماء والمخترعين الأمريكيين الأفار … قائمة العلماء والمخترعين الأمريكيين الأفارقة تُوثق العديد من الأمريكيين الأفارقة الذين ساهموا باختراعات عديدة أو قاموا باكتشافات أثناء حياتهم، سواء كانت أجهزة منزلية أو اكتشافات علمية في مجالات عديدة مثل الفيزياء أو علم الأحياء أو الرياضيات بالإضافة إلى الطب وكذلك الفضاء والعلوم النووية. ومن بين أولئك يتقدمهم جورج واشنطن كارفر عالم الزراعة الذي زاع صيته نتيجة أبحاثه الترويجية لمحاصيل بديلة للقطن، مما ساعد في تغذية الأسر الزراعية، حيث أراد أن يقوم المزارعين الفقراء بزراعة محاصيل بديلة سواء لتكون مصدر غذائهم أو كمصدر لمنتجات آخري تُحسن من طريقة حياتهم، ومعظم نشراته العلمية الأربعة والأربعون كانت تحتوي علي 105 وصفة طعام باستخدام الفول السوداني، وقام أيضًا بتطوير وتحديث 100 منتج مصنوع من الفول السوداني ليصبح مفيدًا سواء للمنزل أو الحقل، وحصل علي العديد من الأوسمة تكريمًا لعمله وإنجازاته، من بينها قلادة سبينغارن الصادرة من الجمعية الوطنية للنهوض بالملونين. وهنالك عالم آخر شهير هو بيرسي لافون جوليان باحث كيميائي ورائد في مجال التصنيع الكيميائي للمركبات الطبية من النباتات، وكان أول من استخلص الفيسوستيغمين بطريقة طبيعية، وكان رائدًا في المجال الصناعي للمركبات الكيميائية للهرومانات البشرية مثل الحصول علي التستوستيرون والبروجستيرون والستيرويد من الفايتوستيرول النباتي مثل الاستجيماستيرول والسيتوستيرول، وكان عمله أساسًا لصناعة أدوية الستيرويد من الكورتيزون وحبوب منع الحمل. وهناك مثال معاصر لمخترع في العصر الحديث هو المهندس لوني جورج جونسون، حيث قام جونسون باختراع مدافع مياه تقوم بضخ المياة بقوة عالية بواسطة الهواء، وكانت الأكثر مبيعًا في الولايات المتحدة في عام 1991 و 1992، وللمهندس لوني جورج جونسون العديد من براءات الاختراعات وصلت إلى 80 براءة اختراع، ولديه أكثر من 20 اختراع آخر ينتظر الموافقة على براءة اختراعهم، وقام بتأليف العديد من النشرات العلمية حول أنظمة الطاقة في مركبات الفضاء.العلمية حول أنظمة الطاقة في مركبات الفضاء.
, This list of African Americans inventors a … This list of African Americans inventors and scientists documents many of the African-Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives. These have ranged from practical everyday devices to applications and scientific discoveries in diverse fields, including physics, biology, math, and medicine. African-Americans have been the victims of oppression, discrimination and persecution throughout American history, with an impact on African-American innovation. A 2014 study by economist Lisa D. Cook linked violence towards African-Americans and lack of legal protections over the period 1870–1940 to lower innovation. Despite this, many black innovators have been responsible for a large number of major inventions. Among the earliest was George Washington Carver, whose reputation was based on his research into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton, which aided in nutrition for farm families. He wanted poor farmers to grow alternative crops both as a source of their own food and as a source of other products to improve their way of life. The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts. He also developed and promoted about 100 products made from peanuts that were useful for the house and farm. He received numerous honors for his work, including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP. A later renowned scientist was Percy Lavon Julian, a research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He was the first to synthesize the natural product physostigmine, and a pioneer in the industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones, steroids, progesterone, and testosterone, from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol. His work would lay the foundation for the steroid drug industry's production of cortisone, other corticosteroids, and birth control pills. A contemporary example of a modern-day inventor is Lonnie George Johnson, an engineer. Johnson invented the Super Soaker water gun, which was the top-selling toy in the United States from 1991 to 1992. In 1980 Johnson formed his own law firm and licensed the Super Soaker water gun to Larami Corporation. Two years later, the Super Soaker generated over $200 million in retail sales and became the best selling toy in America. Larami Corporation was eventually purchased by Hasbro, the second largest toy manufacturer in the world. Over the years, Super Soaker sales have totaled close to one billion dollars. Johnson reinvested a majority of his earnings from the Super Soaker into research and development for his energy technology companies – "It's who I am, it's what I do." As of 2019, Johnson holds over 120 patents, with more pending, and is the author of several publications on spacecraft power systems. publications on spacecraft power systems.
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This list of African Americans inventors a … This list of African Americans inventors and scientists documents many of the African-Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives. These have ranged from practical everyday devices to applications and scientific discoveries in diverse fields, including physics, biology, math, and medicine.ding physics, biology, math, and medicine.
, قائمة العلماء والمخترعين الأمريكيين الأفار … قائمة العلماء والمخترعين الأمريكيين الأفارقة تُوثق العديد من الأمريكيين الأفارقة الذين ساهموا باختراعات عديدة أو قاموا باكتشافات أثناء حياتهم، سواء كانت أجهزة منزلية أو اكتشافات علمية في مجالات عديدة مثل الفيزياء أو علم الأحياء أو الرياضيات بالإضافة إلى الطب وكذلك الفضاء والعلوم النووية.افة إلى الطب وكذلك الفضاء والعلوم النووية.
|
| rdfs:label |
قائمة المخترعين والعلماء الأمريكيين الأفارقة
, List of African-American inventors and scientists
|
