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http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract La locomoció sobre els artells, en anglès:La locomoció sobre els artells, en anglès:Knuckle-walking, és una forma de caminar sobre les quatre potes en la qual les extremitats anteriors mantenen els dits en una postura parcialment flexionada que permet que el pes del cos pressioni cap avall a terra a través dels artells. En termes tècnics, la marxa amb els artells és la locomoció amb les manus (del llatí "mà") flexionada distalment en contacte amb el substrat. Els goril·les i els ximpanzés utilitzen aquest sistema de locomoció de la mateixa manera que ho fa l'ós formiguer i l'ornitorrinc. Els antropòlegs havien pensat que l'ancestre comú dels ximpanzés i els éssers humans utilitzava la locomoció sobre els artells, i que els humans van evolucionar per tal de caminar en posició vertical a partir de la marxa sobre els artells: una visió recolzada per una nova anàlisi de les característiques passades per alt en els fòssils d'homínids. Des d'aleshores, els científics van descobrir que Ardipithecus ramidus , un homínid semblant als humans, descendeix d'un ancestre comú de ximpanzés i d'humans. Ar. ramidus caminava dret, però no sobre els artells. Això va fer concloure als científics que els ximpanzés van evolucionar a caminar sobre els artells després de la seva separació dels humans fa uns sis milions d'anys, i els humans evolucionaren a caminar drets sense la locomoció sobre els artells.rets sense la locomoció sobre els artells. , Als Knöchelgang bezeichnet man die FortbewAls Knöchelgang bezeichnet man die Fortbewegung der Gorillas und Schimpansen auf allen vier Füßen, bei der die vorderen Extremitäten mit der Rückseite der mittleren Fingerglieder aufgesetzt werden. Der gelegentlich zu beobachtende aufrechte Gang ist bei diesen Menschenaffen hingegen eine eher seltene Form der Fortbewegung. Ein Vergleich der Handgelenk-Knochen von Schimpansen und Gorillas ergab, dass deren Knöchelgang sich unabhängig voneinander entwickelte, ihr letzter gemeinsamer Vorfahr also noch nicht diese Laufhaltung aufwies. Da Gorillas und Schimpansen keine Schwesterarten sind, folgt daraus, dass die Hominini – die Arten der zum Menschen führenden Entwicklungslinie – ebenfalls nicht von Vorfahren mit Knöchelgang abstammen.t von Vorfahren mit Knöchelgang abstammen. , A nodopedalia é uma forma de locomoção quaA nodopedalia é uma forma de locomoção quadrúpede em que o animal utiliza os nós dos dedos dos membros anteriores para apoiar o peso do corpo. Os gorilas e chimpanzés sãos os mais típicos exemplos desse tipo de locomoção, assim como o tamanduá-bandeira e o ornitorrinco. Antropólogos já imaginaram que o ancestral comum entre humanos e chimpanzés utilizava de tal locomoção, e os humanos evoluíram da nodopedalia para a postura bípede. Entretanto, essa visão foi mudada, principalmente com a descoberta do Ardipithecus ramidus, que provavelmente era bípede. Dessa forma, é provável que a nodopedalia do chimpanzé surgiu a partir de um ancestral bípede.zé surgiu a partir de um ancestral bípede. , La locomotion sur les articulations ou marLa locomotion sur les articulations ou marche sur les phalanges, aussi connue sous l’appellation anglaise knuckle-walking, est une forme de marche quadrupède dans laquelle les articulations des doigts fléchis des membres antérieurs sont utilisées. Les gorilles et les chimpanzés utilisent ce moyen de locomotion en posant le dos de la deuxième phalange de leur main sur le sol. Une hypothèse est que l'ancêtre commun des hominidés ait pratiqué ce genre de locomotion. Selon une théorie, l'homme moderne se serait spécialisé dans la bipédie, le gorille et le chimpanzé auraient conservé le knuckle-walking. Les Myrmecophagidae (fourmiliers et tamanoirs) et les ornithorynques pratiquent aussi le knuckle-walking.nques pratiquent aussi le knuckle-walking. , Knuckle-walking is a form of quadrupedal wKnuckle-walking is a form of quadrupedal walking in which the forelimbs hold the fingers in a partially flexed posture that allows body weight to press down on the ground through the knuckles. Gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees use this style of locomotion, as do anteaters and platypuses. Knuckle-walking helps with actions other than locomotion on the ground. For the gorilla, the fingers are used for the manipulation of food, and in chimpanzees, for the manipulation of food and climbing. In anteaters and pangolins, the fingers have large claws for opening the mounds of social insects. Platypus fingers have webbing that extend past the fingers to aid in swimming, thus knuckle-walking is used to prevent stumbling. Gorillas move around by knuckle-walking, although they sometimes walk bipedally for short distances while carrying food or in defensive situations. Mountain gorillas use knuckle-walking plus other parts of their hand—fist-walking does not use the knuckles, using the backs of their hand, and using their palms. Anthropologists once thought that the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans engaged in knuckle-walking, and humans evolved upright walking from knuckle-walking, a view thought to be supported by reanalysis of overlooked features on hominid fossils. Since then, scientists discovered Ardipithecus ramidus, a human-like hominid descended from the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans. Ar. ramidus engaged in upright walking, but not knuckle-walking. This leads to the conclusion that chimpanzees evolved knuckle-walking after they split from humans six million years ago, and humans evolved upright walking without knuckle-walking. This would imply that knuckle-walking evolved independently in the African great apes, which would mean a homoplasic evolution of this locomotor behaviour in gorillas and chimpanzees. However, other studies have argued the opposite by pointing out that the differences in knuckle-walking between gorillas and chimpanzees can be explained by differences in positional behaviour, kinematics, and the biomechanics of weight-bearing.s, and the biomechanics of weight-bearing. , La camminata sulle nocche è il tipo di locLa camminata sulle nocche è il tipo di locomozione quadrupede praticato da Gorilla e scimpanzé in cui gli arti anteriori non fanno perno sulle palme delle mani, così come avviene negli arti posteriori, bensì sulle nocche. Un animale che cammina sulle nocche tiene la mano allineata con l'avambraccio e piega le dita alla seconda articolazione, in modo tale che le falangi medie si appiattiscano per terra. Ci sono differenze tra gli scimpanzé e i gorilla, la maggior parte delle quali collegate alle dimensioni, come ad esempio il numero di falangi che toccano terra, ma la meccanica è quasi identica. Per evitare che il polso o il palmo cedano sotto il peso della parte anteriore del corpo, molte delle articolazioni coinvolte hanno caratteristiche tali volte alla stabilizzazione. Queste comprendono creste d'osso che tengono le articolazioni in posizione, nonché sporgenze ossee usate dai muscoli come punto d'appoggio per portare il polso e la mano nella posizione giusta. Il confronto tra le ossa del polso di scimpanzé e gorilla ha dimostrato che nelle due forme la camminata sulle nocche si è sviluppata indipendentemente l'una dall'altra, pertanto il loro ultimo antenato comune non mostrava ancora questo tipo di deambulazione. Dal momento che gorilla e scimpanzé non sono specie sorelle, ne consegue che anche gli Hominini - le specie appartenenti alla linea evolutiva cui appartiene l'uomo - non discendono da antenati che camminavano sulle nocche. da antenati che camminavano sulle nocche.
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rdfs:comment La camminata sulle nocche è il tipo di locomozione quadrupede praticato da Gorilla e scimpanzé in cui gli arti anteriori non fanno perno sulle palme delle mani, così come avviene negli arti posteriori, bensì sulle nocche. , Knuckle-walking is a form of quadrupedal wKnuckle-walking is a form of quadrupedal walking in which the forelimbs hold the fingers in a partially flexed posture that allows body weight to press down on the ground through the knuckles. Gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees use this style of locomotion, as do anteaters and platypuses.ocomotion, as do anteaters and platypuses. , Als Knöchelgang bezeichnet man die FortbewAls Knöchelgang bezeichnet man die Fortbewegung der Gorillas und Schimpansen auf allen vier Füßen, bei der die vorderen Extremitäten mit der Rückseite der mittleren Fingerglieder aufgesetzt werden. Der gelegentlich zu beobachtende aufrechte Gang ist bei diesen Menschenaffen hingegen eine eher seltene Form der Fortbewegung.n eine eher seltene Form der Fortbewegung. , A nodopedalia é uma forma de locomoção quaA nodopedalia é uma forma de locomoção quadrúpede em que o animal utiliza os nós dos dedos dos membros anteriores para apoiar o peso do corpo. Os gorilas e chimpanzés sãos os mais típicos exemplos desse tipo de locomoção, assim como o tamanduá-bandeira e o ornitorrinco. Antropólogos já imaginaram que o ancestral comum entre humanos e chimpanzés utilizava de tal locomoção, e os humanos evoluíram da nodopedalia para a postura bípede.íram da nodopedalia para a postura bípede. , La locomoció sobre els artells, en anglès:La locomoció sobre els artells, en anglès:Knuckle-walking, és una forma de caminar sobre les quatre potes en la qual les extremitats anteriors mantenen els dits en una postura parcialment flexionada que permet que el pes del cos pressioni cap avall a terra a través dels artells. En termes tècnics, la marxa amb els artells és la locomoció amb les manus (del llatí "mà") flexionada distalment en contacte amb el substrat. Els goril·les i els ximpanzés utilitzen aquest sistema de locomoció de la mateixa manera que ho fa l'ós formiguer i l'ornitorrinc. que ho fa l'ós formiguer i l'ornitorrinc. , La locomotion sur les articulations ou marLa locomotion sur les articulations ou marche sur les phalanges, aussi connue sous l’appellation anglaise knuckle-walking, est une forme de marche quadrupède dans laquelle les articulations des doigts fléchis des membres antérieurs sont utilisées. Les Myrmecophagidae (fourmiliers et tamanoirs) et les ornithorynques pratiquent aussi le knuckle-walking.nques pratiquent aussi le knuckle-walking.
rdfs:label Locomoció sobre els artells , Knuckle-walking , Knöchelgang , Camminata sulle nocche , Nodopedalia , Locomotion sur les articulations
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