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كانت قضية سارة كيز ضد شركة كارولينا كوتش ف … كانت قضية سارة كيز ضد شركة كارولينا كوتش في عام 1955 إحدى القضايا البارزة في مجال الحقوق المدنية في الولايات المتحدة إذ استجابت لجنة التجارة بين الولايات لشكوى قدمت عن الفصل العنصري في الحافلات في عام 1953 من قبل امرأة تدعى سارة لويز كيز تعمل في إحدى شركات سلاح الجيش النسائي -بشكل منفصل عن التزامها التاريخي بقضية «بليسي ضد فيرغسون»- ولكن لنفس السبب، وفسرت قرار عدم التمييز في قانون التجارة بين الولايات على أنه يحظر الفصل بين المسافرين السود في الحافلات التي تسافر عبر الخطوط التابعة للدولة. رُفعت القضية عشية انفجار حركة الحقوق المدنية في العاصمة واشنطن من قبل المحامي يوليوس وينفيلد روبرتسون وشريكته دوفي جونسون والتي كانت عضوًا سابقًا في الجيش النسائي والتي تمتلك تجارب سابقة مع حافلات جيم كرو خلال فترة تجنيدها في الحرب العالمية الثانية الأمر الذي جعلها تأخذ القضية كمهمة شخصية. تمثل قضية كيز ضد شركة كارولينا كوتش بالإضافة إلى قضية إلغاء الفصل في القطارات المرافقة لها علامة فارقة في المعارك القانونية من أجل الحقوق المدنية. الحكم الذي أُعلن في نوفمبر 1955 قبل ستة أيام من تحدي روزا باركس التاريخي لقوانين جيم كرو للولاية على حافلات مونتغمري طَبّق منطق المحكمة العليا في الولايات المتحدة في قضية براون ضد مجلس التعليم لأول مرة في مجال السفر بين الولايات، إذ أُغلقت الثغرة القانونية التي كانت تستغلها شركات الحافلات الخاصة منذ فترة طويلة لفرض أنظمة جيم كرو الخاصة بها على المسافرين السود بين الولايات. كانت قضية كيز ضد كارولينا كوتش هي الرفض الوحيد الصريح الذي قدمه أي من الطرفين في محكمة أو هيئة إدارية اتحادية لعقيدة «بليسي ضد فيرغسون» في مجال السفر بالحافلات عبر الولايات. كان إصدار الحكم نقطة تحول تاريخية قانونياً في وقت إصداره وأُصدر مرة أخرى في عام 1961 عندما استحضر المدعي العام روبرت كينيدي القضية في معركته الناجحة لإنهاء قانون جيم كرو للسفر خلال حملة «فرسان الحرية».ون جيم كرو للسفر خلال حملة «فرسان الحرية».
, Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company, 64 M … Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company, 64 MCC 769 (1955) is a landmark civil rights case in the United States in which the Interstate Commerce Commission, in response to a bus segregation complaint filed in 1953 by a Women's Army Corps (WAC) private named Sarah Louise Keys, broke with its historic adherence to the Plessy v. Ferguson separate but equal doctrine and interpreted the non-discrimination language of the Interstate Commerce Act as banning the segregation of black passengers in buses traveling across state lines. The case was filed on the eve of the explosion of the Civil Rights Movement by Washington, D.C., lawyer Julius Winfield Robertson and his partner, Dovey Johnson Roundtree, a former WAC whose experience with Jim Crow bus travel during her World War II Army recruiting days caused her to take on the case as a personal mission. Keys v. Carolina Coach Company, along with its companion train desegregation case, NAACP v. St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Company, represents a milestone in the legal battle for civil rights. The November 1955 ruling, publicly announced six days before Rosa Parks' historic defiance of state Jim Crow laws on Montgomery buses, applied the United States Supreme Court's logic in Brown v. Board of Education for the first time to the field of interstate transportation, and closed the legal loophole that private bus companies had long exploited to impose their own Jim Crow regulations on black interstate travelers. Keys v. Carolina Coach was the only explicit rejection ever made by either a court or a federal administrative body of the Plessy v. Ferguson doctrine in the field of bus travel across state lines. The ruling made legal history both at the time of its issuance and again in 1961, when Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy invoked it in his successful battle to end Jim Crow travel during the Freedom Riders' campaign.ravel during the Freedom Riders' campaign.
, Sarah Keys contro Carolina Coach Company è … Sarah Keys contro Carolina Coach Company è un caso giudiziario del 1955 affrontato negli Stati Uniti che coinvolse i diritti civili degli afroamericani. L', in risposta alle lamentele per la segregazione sugli autobus raccolte nel 1953 da un membro del Women's Army Corps (WAC), Sarah Louise Keys, decise di rivisitare il caso Plessy v. Ferguson, che aveva sancito la dottrina del "separati ma uguali", dottrina che secondo la suddetta commissione doveva essere bandita. La ICC accolse la mozione della Keys e condannò la segregazione dei passeggeri di colore sugli autobus di linee urbane ed interstatali. Il caso venne fuori alla vigilia dell'esplosione del movimento per i diritti civili grazie all'avvocato di Washington D.C. Julius Winfield Robertson e il suo collega , un ex membro del WAC la cui esperienza con le leggi di Jim Crow lo aveva spinto a prendere a cuore il caso di Sarah Keys. Keys v. Carolina Coach Company, insieme all'altro caso affine, NAACP v. St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Company (anch'esso del 1955), rappresenta una pietra miliare nella battaglia per i diritti civili. La sentenza del novembre 1955, annunciata pubblicamente sei giorni prima del boicottaggio degli autobus di Montgomery, quest'ultimo susseguito all'intervento di Rosa Parks, divenne un'estensione del già celebre caso Brown v. Board of Education (1954) con il quale si aboliva la segregazione nelle scuole. Keys v. Carolina Coach Co. fu l'unica vera e propria volta in cui una corte ripugnò la dottrina della segregazione e tornò di nuovo a far parlare di sé quando, nel 1961, il procuratore generale Robert Kennedy lo invocò come pretesto per ricordare la necessità di mettere fine alla discriminazione razziale.ettere fine alla discriminazione razziale.
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Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company, 64 M … Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company, 64 MCC 769 (1955) is a landmark civil rights case in the United States in which the Interstate Commerce Commission, in response to a bus segregation complaint filed in 1953 by a Women's Army Corps (WAC) private named Sarah Louise Keys, broke with its historic adherence to the Plessy v. Ferguson separate but equal doctrine and interpreted the non-discrimination language of the Interstate Commerce Act as banning the segregation of black passengers in buses traveling across state lines.ers in buses traveling across state lines.
, كانت قضية سارة كيز ضد شركة كارولينا كوتش ف … كانت قضية سارة كيز ضد شركة كارولينا كوتش في عام 1955 إحدى القضايا البارزة في مجال الحقوق المدنية في الولايات المتحدة إذ استجابت لجنة التجارة بين الولايات لشكوى قدمت عن الفصل العنصري في الحافلات في عام 1953 من قبل امرأة تدعى سارة لويز كيز تعمل في إحدى شركات سلاح الجيش النسائي -بشكل منفصل عن التزامها التاريخي بقضية «بليسي ضد فيرغسون»- ولكن لنفس السبب، وفسرت قرار عدم التمييز في قانون التجارة بين الولايات على أنه يحظر الفصل بين المسافرين السود في الحافلات التي تسافر عبر الخطوط التابعة للدولة.فلات التي تسافر عبر الخطوط التابعة للدولة.
, Sarah Keys contro Carolina Coach Company è … Sarah Keys contro Carolina Coach Company è un caso giudiziario del 1955 affrontato negli Stati Uniti che coinvolse i diritti civili degli afroamericani. L', in risposta alle lamentele per la segregazione sugli autobus raccolte nel 1953 da un membro del Women's Army Corps (WAC), Sarah Louise Keys, decise di rivisitare il caso Plessy v. Ferguson, che aveva sancito la dottrina del "separati ma uguali", dottrina che secondo la suddetta commissione doveva essere bandita. La ICC accolse la mozione della Keys e condannò la segregazione dei passeggeri di colore sugli autobus di linee urbane ed interstatali.i autobus di linee urbane ed interstatali.
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Keys contro Carolina Coach
, قضية كيز ضد شركة كارولينا كوتش
, Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.
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