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http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract Die Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient (NfO)Die Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient (NfO) war eine während des Ersten Weltkrieges im Nahen Osten tätige Einrichtung des deutschen Generalstabs und des Auswärtigen Amtes. Sie war für pro-deutsche Propagandaaktivitäten in den Ländern des Orients und Britisch-Indiens zuständig und erfüllte zugleich nachrichtendienstliche Aufgaben. Mit geringem Erfolg bemühte sich die Nachrichtenstelle darum, Soldaten islamischen Glaubens aus den französischen, britischen und russischen Heeren zum Überlaufen zu bewegen. Kriegsgefangene islamischen Glaubens wurden auf Veranlassung der Nachrichtenstelle im sogenannten „Halbmondlager“ bei Berlin konzentriert. Hier wurden islamische Praktiken wie Essgebote oder der Ramadan ausdrücklich berücksichtigt und für die Gefangenen die erste Moschee auf deutschem Boden errichtet. „Gastredner“ aus der Türkei versuchten, die Gefangenen zu agitieren und zum Seitenwechsel zu überreden. In Kriegsgefangenenlagern wurde eine Propagandazeitung mit dem Titel „El Dschihad“ verteilt. Die Nachrichtenstelle unterstützte nationalistische und unabhängigkeitsorientierte Strömungen in den Ländern des arabischen, indischen und osmanischen Raumes, Persiens, sowie Chinas um damit die deutsche Position im Nahen Osten, mittleren Osten und in Transkaukasien zu stärken und die Entente-Mächte, Frankreich, Großbritannien und Russland zu schwächen. Die Politisierung des Begriffs „Dschihad“ in der islamischen Welt ist u. a. auf die Propagandaaktivitäten der Nachrichtenstelle zurückzuführen. Im Umfeld der NfO kam laut Wolfgang G. Schwanitz oft der Begriff „Islamismus“ auf. Dies im heutigen politischen Sinne, einst durch Kaiser Wilhelm II. als Kurzform für „Pan-Islamismus“ benutzt, wie ihn Max von Oppenheim vor der Palästinareise Kaiser Wilhelms II. 1898 dem Monarchen als mögliche verbündete Jihad-Bewegung beschrieben hat.verbündete Jihad-Bewegung beschrieben hat. , Il Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient (UfficIl Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient (Ufficio Informazioni per l'Oriente) era l'organizzazione di intelligence creata dalla Germania all'inizio della prima guerra mondiale con lo scopo di promuovere e sostenere azioni sovversive e nazionaliste sia nel Raj britannico, sia in Persia ed in Egitto, all'epoca stati formalmente indipendenti ma sottoposti all'influenza britannica. colore azzurro: Intesa e Alleati, Colore Nero: Imperi Centrali, Colore grigio: Stati Neutrali Dipendente dal Ministero degli Esteri (Auswartiges Amt), il Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient era guidato dal barone e archeologo Max von Oppenheim, che durante la guerra fu in stretto contatto col deposto Chedivè egiziano Abbas Hilmi II, con organizzazioni rivoluzionarie indiane, fra cui il (Comitato per l'Indipendenza Indiana o anche Das Indische Unabhängigkeitskomitee), il , ed il , ed anche con importanti esponenti musulmani socialisti fra cui .i esponenti musulmani socialisti fra cui . , The Intelligence Bureau for the East (GermThe Intelligence Bureau for the East (German: Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient) was a German intelligence organisation established on the eve of World War I dedicated to promoting and sustaining subversive and nationalist agitations in the British Indian Empire and the Persian and Egyptian satellite states. Attached to the German Foreign Office, it was headed by archaeologist Baron Max von Oppenheim and, during the war, worked intricately with the deposed Khedive Abbas II of Egypt, and Indian revolutionary organisations including the Berlin Committee, Jugantar, the Ghadar Party, as well as with prominent Muslim socialists including Maulavi Barkatullah. Aside from Oppenheim himself, recruits to the Bureau included Franz von Papen, later briefly the Chancellor of the Weimar Republic, Wilhelm Wassmuss (sometimes referred to as the German Lawrence), , and others. Oppenheim was replaced in 1915 by Schabinger von Schowingen, and later in 1916 by Eugen Mittwoch, internationally the most respected and prestigious German orientalist (and also a respected Orthodox Jewish scholar), who recruited more liberal and cosmopolitan people for the Nachrichtenstelle such as Friedrich Schrader, his Swiss associate Max Rudolf Kaufmann or the young Nahum Goldmann (later President of the World Jewish Congress). In its initial period, the bureau was intricately involved in almost all the events that ultimately came to be called the Hindu–German Conspiracy, including the Annie Larsen plot, Ghadar Conspiracy, Siam–Burma plan, attempts in Bengal as well as other lesser known plots in the Near east including of the western borders of British India and in Afghanistan. In addition to its subversive campaigns against British possessions in India, it also attempted to instigate instability in British possessions in the Muslims in India as well as around the world in the Middle east and in Egypt. It was involved in early Turkish plans for war and the Caliph's decision to declare Jihad. The bureau was involved in intelligence and subversive missions to Persia and to Afghanistan, and also attempted, along with the Berlin Committee, to recruit Indian soldiers in Mesopotamia. Its Persia operations were led by Wilhelm Wassmuss, the 1915 Afghanistan Mission by Werner Otto von Hentig Under the leadership of the also internationally highly respected Mittwoch (who founded the semitic department at Hebrew University in 1924, and worked for British Intelligence in World War II, after he had to flee to London from Nazi persecution), the Nachrichtenstelle, which had to deal with the failure of the initial subversive campaigns, pursued a more rational, scientific approach, e.g. by publishing the respected quality journal "Der Neue Orient".spected quality journal "Der Neue Orient".
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rdfs:comment The Intelligence Bureau for the East (GermThe Intelligence Bureau for the East (German: Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient) was a German intelligence organisation established on the eve of World War I dedicated to promoting and sustaining subversive and nationalist agitations in the British Indian Empire and the Persian and Egyptian satellite states. Attached to the German Foreign Office, it was headed by archaeologist Baron Max von Oppenheim and, during the war, worked intricately with the deposed Khedive Abbas II of Egypt, and Indian revolutionary organisations including the Berlin Committee, Jugantar, the Ghadar Party, as well as with prominent Muslim socialists including Maulavi Barkatullah. Aside from Oppenheim himself, recruits to the Bureau included Franz von Papen, later briefly the Chancellor of the Weimar Republic, WilhelmChancellor of the Weimar Republic, Wilhelm , Die Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient (NfO)Die Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient (NfO) war eine während des Ersten Weltkrieges im Nahen Osten tätige Einrichtung des deutschen Generalstabs und des Auswärtigen Amtes. Sie war für pro-deutsche Propagandaaktivitäten in den Ländern des Orients und Britisch-Indiens zuständig und erfüllte zugleich nachrichtendienstliche Aufgaben. zugleich nachrichtendienstliche Aufgaben. , Il Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient (UfficIl Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient (Ufficio Informazioni per l'Oriente) era l'organizzazione di intelligence creata dalla Germania all'inizio della prima guerra mondiale con lo scopo di promuovere e sostenere azioni sovversive e nazionaliste sia nel Raj britannico, sia in Persia ed in Egitto, all'epoca stati formalmente indipendenti ma sottoposti all'influenza britannica. colore azzurro: Intesa e Alleati, Colore Nero: Imperi Centrali, Colore grigio: Stati Neutraliri Centrali, Colore grigio: Stati Neutrali
rdfs:label Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient , Intelligence Bureau for the East
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