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Social democracy originated as an ideology … Social democracy originated as an ideology within the labour whose goals have been a social revolution to move away from purely laissez-faire capitalism to a social capitalism model sometimes called a social market economy. In a nonviolent revolution as in the case of evolutionary socialism, or the establishment and support of a welfare state. Its origins lie in the 1860s as a revolutionary socialism associated with orthodox Marxism. Starting in the 1890s, there was a dispute between committed revolutionary social democrats such as Rosa Luxemburg and reformist social democrats. The latter sided with Marxist revisionists such as Eduard Bernstein, who supported a more gradual approach grounded in liberal democracy and cross-class cooperation. Karl Kautsky represented a centrist position. By the 1920s, social democracy became the dominant political tendency, along with communism, within the international socialist movement, representing a form of democratic socialism with the aim of achieving socialism peacefully. By the 1910s, social democracy had spread worldwide and transitioned towards advocating an evolutionary change from capitalism to socialism using established political processes such as the parliament. In the late 1910s, socialist parties committed to revolutionary socialism renamed themselves as communist parties, causing a split in the socialist movement between these supporting the October Revolution and those opposing it. Social democrats who were opposed to the Bolsheviks later renamed themselves as democratic socialists in order to highlight their differences from communists and later in the 1920s from Marxist–Leninists, disagreeing with the latter on topics such as their opposition to liberal democracy whilst sharing common ideological roots. In the early post-war era, social democrats in Western Europe rejected the Stalinist political and economic model, which was then current in the Soviet Union. They committed themselves either to an alternative path to socialism or to a compromise between capitalism and socialism. During the post-war period, social democrats embraced the idea of a mixed economy based on the predominance of private property, with only a minority of essential utilities and public services being under public ownership. As a policy regime, social democracy became associated with Keynesian economics, state interventionism and the welfare state as a way to avoid capitalism's typical crises and to avert or prevent mass unemployment, without abolishing factor markets, private property and wage labour. With the rise in popularity of neoliberalism and the New Right by the 1980s, many social democratic parties incorporated the Third Way ideology, aiming to fuse economic liberalism with social democratic welfare policies. By the 2010s, social democratic parties that accepted triangulation and the neoliberal shift in policies such as austerity, deregulation, free trade, privatization and welfare reforms such as workfare, experienced a drastic decline. The Third Way largely fell out of favour in a phenomenon known as Pasokification. Scholars have linked the decline of social democratic parties to the declining number of industrial workers, greater economic prosperity of voters and a tendency for these parties to shift from the left to the centre on economic issues. They alienated their former base of supporters and voters in the process. This decline has been matched by increased support for more left-wing and left-wing populist parties, as well as for Left and Green social democratic parties that reject neoliberal and Third Way policies. Social democracy was highly influential throughout the 20th century. Starting in the 1920s and 1930s, with the aftermath of World War I and that of the Great Depression, social democrats were elected to power. In countries such as Britain, Germany and Sweden, social democrats passed social reforms and adopted proto-Keynesian approaches that would be promoted across the Western world in the post-war period, lasting until the 1970s and 1990s. Academics, political commentators and other scholars tend to distinguish between authoritarian socialist and democratic socialist states, with the first representing the Soviet Bloc and the latter representing Western Bloc countries which have been democratically governed by socialist parties such as Britain, France, Sweden and Western social democracies in general, among others. Social democracy has been criticized by both the left and right. The left criticizes social democracy for having betrayed the working class during World War I and for playing a role in the failure of the proletarian 1917–1924 revolutionary wave. It further accuses social democrats of having abandoned socialism. Conversely, one critique of the right is mainly related to their criticism of welfare. Another criticism concerns the compatibility of democracy and socialism. compatibility of democracy and socialism.
, الديمقراطية الاجتماعية نشأت كإيديولوجيا دا … الديمقراطية الاجتماعية نشأت كإيديولوجيا داخل الحركات العمالية والاشتراكية، وكانت تهدف في مراحل كثيرة إلى ثورة اجتماعية للابتعاد عن الرأسمالية نحو اقتصاد ما بعد الرأسمالية مثل الاشتراكية، وذلك عبر ثورة غير عنيفة كما حال الاشتراكية الثورية، أو تأسيس دولة الرفاهية ودعمها. ترجع أصولها إلى ستينيات القرن التاسع عشر كاشتراكية ثورية مرتبطة بالماركسية الأرثوذكسية. وابتداءً من تسعينيات القرن التاسع عشر، كان هناك خلاف بين الاشتراكيين الديمقراطيين الثوريين الملتزمين مثل روزا لوكسمبورغ والديمقراطيين الاجتماعيين الإصلاحيين. وقد انحاز الديمقراطيون الاجتماعيون الإصلاحيون إلى الماركسيين التطوريين مثل إدوارد برنشتاين، الذين دعموا نهجًا أكثر تدريجًا يرتكز على الديمقراطية الليبرالية والتعاون عبر الطبقات. ومثّل كارل كاوتسكي موقفًا وسطيًا. وبحلول العشرينيات من القرن العشرين، أصبحت الديمقراطية الاجتماعية هي الاتجاه السياسي المهيمن، جنبًا إلى جنب مع الشيوعية، داخل الحركة الاشتراكية الدولية، وتعد شكلًا من أشكال الاشتراكية الديمقراطية بهدف تحقيق الاشتراكية سلميًا. وفي عام 1910، انتشرت الديمقراطية الاجتماعية في جميع أنحاء العالم وانتقلت نحو الدعوة إلى تغيير تطوري من الرأسمالية إلى الاشتراكية باستخدام العمليات السياسية الراسخة مثل البرلمان. وفي أواخر العقد الأول من القرن العشرين، أعادت الأحزاب الاشتراكية الملتزمة بالاشتراكية الثورية تسمية نفسها على أنها أحزاب شيوعية، الأمر الذي سبب انقسامًا في الحركة الاشتراكية بين المؤيدين لثورة أكتوبر وأولئك الذين يعارضونها. أعاد الديمقراطيون الاشتراكيون الذين عارضوا البلاشفة تسمية أنفسهم في وقت لاحق على أنهم اشتراكيون ديمقراطيون من أجل تسليط الضوء على اختلافهم عن الشيوعيين ولاحقًا في عشرينيات القرن العشرين عن الماركسيين اللينينيين، الذين اختلفوا معهم حول مواضيع مثل معارضتهم للديمقراطية الليبرالية مع مشاركتهم الجذور الأيديولوجية ذاتها. في أوائل حقبة ما بعد الحرب، رفض الاشتراكيون الديمقراطيون في أوروبا الغربية النموذج السياسي والاقتصادي الستاليني، الذي كان ساريًا آنذاك في الاتحاد السوفيتي. وقد ألزموا أنفسهم إما بطريق بديل للاشتراكية أو للتسوية بين الرأسمالية والاشتراكية. وخلال فترة ما بعد الحرب، تبنى الديمقراطيون الاجتماعيون فكرة الاقتصاد المختلط القائم على هيمنة الملكية الخاصة، مع وجود القليل فقط من المرافق والخدمات العامة المحددة تحت الملكية العامة. وكنظام سياسي، أصبحت الديمقراطية الاجتماعية مرتبطة بالاقتصاد الكينزي وتدخل الدولة ودولة الرفاهية كطريقة لتجنب الأزمات النموذجية للرأسمالية ولتجنب أو منع البطالة الجماعية، دون إلغاء أسواق عناصر الإنتاج والملكية الخاصة والعمل المأجور. ومع ارتفاع شعبية النيوليبرالية واليمين الجديد بحلول ثمانينيات القرن العشرين، تبنت العديد من الأحزاب الديمقراطية الاجتماعية أيديولوجية الطرف الثالث، بهدف دمج الليبرالية الاقتصادية مع سياسات الرفاهية الاجتماعية الديمقراطية. وبحلول عام 2010، شهدت الأحزاب الديمقراطية الاجتماعية تراجعًا حادًا بسبب قبولها بالتثليث والتحول النيوليبرالي في سياسات مثل التقشف، ورفع القيود، والتجارة الحرة، والخصخصة، وإصلاحات الرفاهية مثل الرفاه الاجتماعي المشروط. ولم يعد الطرف الثالث يحظى بشعبية إلى حد كبير في ظاهرة تُعرف باسم باسوكيفيكيشن. وربط العلماء بين تراجع أحزاب الديمقراطية الاجتماعية وانخفاض عدد العمال الصناعيين وزيادة الازدهار الاقتصادي للناخبين وميل هذه الأحزاب إلى التحول من اليسار إلى الوسطية فيما يتعلق بالقضايا الاقتصادية. وقد عزلوا قاعدتهم السابقة من مؤيديهم وناخبيهم في هذه العملية. واقترن هذا التراجع بدعم لمزيد من الأحزاب اليسارية والشعبوية اليسارية، وكذلك للأحزاب الديمقراطية الاجتماعية اليسارية والخضر التي ترفض سياسات الطرف الثالث والنيوليبرالية. كان للديمقراطية الاجتماعية تأثير كبير خلال القرن العشرين. ابتداءً من عشرينيات وثلاثينيات القرن العشرين، في أعقاب الحرب العالمية الأولى وفترة الكساد الكبير، جرى انتخاب الديمقراطيين الاجتماعيين للسلطة. في دول مثل بريطانيا وألمانيا والسويد، أقر الاشتراكيون الديمقراطيون إصلاحات اجتماعية واعتمدوا مناهج كينزية بدائية روج لها عبر العالم الغربي في فترة ما بعد الحرب، والتي استمرت حتى السبعينيات والتسعينيات من القرن العشرين. ويميل الأكاديميون والمعلقون السياسيون وغيرهم من العلماء إلى التمييز بين الدول الاشتراكية الاستبدادية والدول الاشتراكية الديمقراطية، إذ تمثل الأولى الكتلة السوفيتية والأخيرة تمثل دول الكتلة الغربية التي كانت تحكم ديمقراطيًا من قبل الأحزاب الاشتراكية مثل بريطانيا وفرنسا والسويد والدول الاجتماعية الغربية والديمقراطيات بشكل عام. تعرضت الديمقراطية الاشتراكية لانتقادات من اليسار واليمين. ينتقد اليسار الاشتراكية الديموقراطية لخيانتها للطبقة العاملة خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى ولعبها دورًا في فشل الموجة الثورية البروليتارية 1917-1924. وتتهم الديمقراطيين الاجتماعيين بالتخلي عن الاشتراكية. على العكس من ذلك، ينتقد اليمين بشكل أساسي نقدهم للرفاهية. وهناك انتقاد آخر يتعلق بتوافق الديمقراطية والاشتراكية. آخر يتعلق بتوافق الديمقراطية والاشتراكية.
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الديمقراطية الاجتماعية نشأت كإيديولوجيا دا … الديمقراطية الاجتماعية نشأت كإيديولوجيا داخل الحركات العمالية والاشتراكية، وكانت تهدف في مراحل كثيرة إلى ثورة اجتماعية للابتعاد عن الرأسمالية نحو اقتصاد ما بعد الرأسمالية مثل الاشتراكية، وذلك عبر ثورة غير عنيفة كما حال الاشتراكية الثورية، أو تأسيس دولة الرفاهية ودعمها. ترجع أصولها إلى ستينيات القرن التاسع عشر كاشتراكية ثورية مرتبطة بالماركسية الأرثوذكسية. وابتداءً من تسعينيات القرن التاسع عشر، كان هناك خلاف بين الاشتراكيين الديمقراطيين الثوريين الملتزمين مثل روزا لوكسمبورغ والديمقراطيين الاجتماعيين الإصلاحيين. وقد انحاز الديمقراطيون الاجتماعيون الإصلاحيون إلى الماركسيين التطوريين مثل إدوارد برنشتاين، الذين دعموا نهجًا أكثر تدريجًا يرتكز على الديمقراطية الليبرالية والتعاون عبر الطبقات. ومثّل كارل كاوتسكي موقفًا وسطيًا. وبحلول العشرينيات من القرن العشرين، أصبحت الديمقراطية الاجتماعية هي الاتشرين، أصبحت الديمقراطية الاجتماعية هي الات
, Social democracy originated as an ideology … Social democracy originated as an ideology within the labour whose goals have been a social revolution to move away from purely laissez-faire capitalism to a social capitalism model sometimes called a social market economy. In a nonviolent revolution as in the case of evolutionary socialism, or the establishment and support of a welfare state. Its origins lie in the 1860s as a revolutionary socialism associated with orthodox Marxism. Starting in the 1890s, there was a dispute between committed revolutionary social democrats such as Rosa Luxemburg and reformist social democrats. The latter sided with Marxist revisionists such as Eduard Bernstein, who supported a more gradual approach grounded in liberal democracy and cross-class cooperation. Karl Kautsky represented a centrist position. By utsky represented a centrist position. By
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History of social democracy
, تاريخ الديمقراطية الاجتماعية
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