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L'histoire de la science-fiction retrace l … L'histoire de la science-fiction retrace les points marquants de la science-fiction, un genre littéraire et cinématographique diversifié dont la trame narrative prend place dans un univers fictif où les différents aspects tirent leurs caractères de sciences, de technologies ou d'événements variés. Les origines de la science-fiction remonteraient aux premiers travaux fantastiques tels que l'épopée de Gilgamesh. Cependant, certains estiment que l'avènement du genre n'a pu se produire qu'entre le XVIIe siècle et le début du XIXe siècle, au tournant de la révolution scientifique et des grandes découvertes en astronomie, en physique et en mathématiques. L'accroissement de l'application de la science dans le quotidien du grand public, pendant le XXe siècle, crée un terrain propice au développement de la science-fiction qui s'intéressait aux relations entre la technologie, la société et l'individu. Ainsi, il est dit de l'histoire de la science-fiction qu'elle reflète « l'histoire des attitudes changeantes de l'humanité vis-à-vis de l'espace et du temps, […] de notre compréhension croissante de l'Univers et de la position de notre espèce dans l'Univers ». Durant les dernières décennies, le genre s'est diversifié et apporte une influence culturelle et mondiale majeure. influence culturelle et mondiale majeure.
, يُعَدّ الخيال العلمي صنفًا أدبيًا متنوعًا، … يُعَدّ الخيال العلمي صنفًا أدبيًا متنوعًا، وما زالت مسألة تعريفه الدقيق مطروحة بين علماء هذا النوع وهواته. وينعكس هذا النقص في الإجماع على النقاشات حول تاريخ النوع، وخصوصًا حول تحديد أصوله بدقة، إذ توجد مدرستان، إحداهما ترجع أصل هذا النوع إلى الأعمال الخيالية المبكرة، مثل ملحمة جلجامش السومرية (سنة 2150 ق.م). أما الثانية فتجادل بأن الخيال العلمي ظهر في الفترة بين القرنين السابع عشر والتاسع عشر، تزامنًا مع الثورة العلمية والاكتشافات الرئيسية في علوم الفلك والفيزياء والرياضيات. بعيدًا عن مسألة الأصول العميقة، فقد تطور الخيال العلمي وازدهر في القرن العشرين، إذ شجع الاندماج العميق للعلوم والاختراعات في الحياة اليومية على زيادة الاهتمام بالأدب الذي يستكشف بدوره العلاقة بين التكنولوجيا والمجتمع والفرد. يصف الباحث روبرت سكولز تاريخ الخيال العلمي بأنه «تاريخ المواقف البشرية المتغيرة تجاه المكان والزمان، وتاريخ فهمنا المتزايد للكون وموقع جنسنا من هذا الكون». وفي العقود الأخيرة، تنوع هذا النوع وأصبح راسخًا بوصفه مؤثرًا رئيسيًا في الثقافة والفكر العالمي. مؤثرًا رئيسيًا في الثقافة والفكر العالمي.
, La fantascienza è un genere - dal punto di … La fantascienza è un genere - dal punto di vista letterario, cinematografico e degli altri media - assai variegato. Poiché vi è scarso consenso nella sua definizione tra studiosi e appassionati, le sue origini sono una questione aperta, ma si collocano comunque nell'ambito della letteratura. Essendo indissolubilmente legato al concetto di scienza, le premesse per la nascita del genere fantascientifico si formano a partire dal Cinquecento in poi con la rivoluzione scientifica, in particolare a seguito delle scoperte da Galileo e Newton in astronomia, fisica e matematica, e con l'Illuminismo. Asimov pone come premessa essenziale la rivoluzione industriale, ritenendo che la fantascienza abbisogni di un diffuso e consapevole sviluppo delle relazioni fra scienza e tecnica. Per tali ragioni, dovendo individuare una data di nascita della moderna fantascienza, essa viene per convenzione fissata all'aprile del 1926, quando uscì negli Stati Uniti la prima rivista specializzata in inglese, Amazing Stories diretta da Hugo Gernsback, che segna il momento in cui la fantascienza inizia a diventare un fenomeno di massa, tuttavia al genere possono essere ascritte numerose opere precedenti, dal romanzo gotico Frankenstein di Mary Shelley ai romanzi scientifici di Jules Verne e H. G. Wells, o addirittura opere molto più antiche, come La storia vera di Luciano. Alcuni studiosi mettono in evidenza quale testo originario della fantascienza l'Epopea di Gilgamesh, risalente al XXII-XXI secolo a.C., mentre altri identificano i primi elementi fantascientifici nella letteratura araba del tardo Medioevo. La fantascienza come genere definito si è sviluppata esplodendo nella prima metà del Novecento, quando la profonda compenetrazione tra scienza e invenzione nella cultura occidentale aveva prodotto un interesse per la narrativa in grado di esplorare l'influenza della tecnologia sulle persone e sulla società. Pubblicata come genere popolare di intrattenimento nelle riviste pulp rivolte soprattutto ai giovani negli anni venti e trenta del XX secolo, quando inizia anche a contaminare fumetti e cinema, la fantascienza ha visto la sua "epoca d'oro" durante gli anni quaranta, rimanendo anche dopo un genere largamente legato come immagine ad un pubblico di adolescenti e alle copertine sgargianti dei pulp. Nel corso del tempo lo stile e i contenuti delle opere sono tuttavia maturati e i temi fantascientifici sono stati analizzati e innovati da autori importanti. Il genere ricevette nuova linfa dalla letteratura modernista, poi negli anni sessanta e settanta dal movimento della New Wave britannica, che la portò ad affrontare con raffinatezza stilistica nuovi temi scottanti fino ad allora accantonati dalle riviste di fantascienza, quindi il genere fu rivoluzionato negli anni ottanta dal cyberpunk. Il cinema ha spesso sfruttato idee e temi della letteratura, senza rinunciare a rielaborarli in modo originale. La fantascienza è stata vista sempre più come un'area confinante con la letteratura postmoderna e, soprattutto a partire dagli anni novanta, si è mescolata in molte opere con altri generi del fantastico, confluendo nell'ambito più generale di quella è stata chiamata "narrativa speculativa" (speculative fiction). La fantascienza è mano a mano divenuta un genere considerato con rispetto, con una notevole influenza sui mass media, sulla cultura e sul pensiero nel mondo.a, sulla cultura e sul pensiero nel mondo.
, The literary genre of science fiction is d … The literary genre of science fiction is diverse, and its exact definition remains a contested question among both scholars and devotees. This lack of consensus is reflected in debates about the genre's history, particularly over determining its exact origins. There are two broad camps of thought, one that identifies the genre's roots in early fantastical works such as the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (earliest Sumerian text versions c. 2150–2000 BCE). A second approach argues that science fiction only became possible sometime between the 17th and early 19th centuries, following the scientific revolution and major discoveries in astronomy, physics, and mathematics. Question of deeper origins aside, science fiction developed and boomed in the 20th century, as the deep integration of science and inventions into daily life encouraged a greater interest in literature that explores the relationship between technology, society, and the individual. Scholar Robert Scholes calls the history of science fiction "the history of humanity's changing attitudes toward space and time ... the history of our growing understanding of the universe and the position of our species in that universe." In recent decades, the genre has diversified and become firmly established as a major influence on global culture and thought.r influence on global culture and thought.
, Sciencefiction is geen vastomlijnd literair genre, wat het moeilijk maakt om het precies te definiëren. In het algemeen beschrijft sciencefiction hoe een veronderstelde werkelijkheid met (min of meer) wetenschappelijke theorieën mogelijk wordt.
, La història de la ciència-ficció ens parla … La història de la ciència-ficció ens parla de l'evolució d'un gènere literari de ficció especulativa que sol tractar els efectes o les repercussions dels avenços científics i tecnològics, presents o futurs, en la societat o en els individus, com ara ciència i tecnologia avançades, exploració espacial, viatges en el temps, universos paral·lels i vida extraterrestre. La diversitat del gènere de la ciència-ficció fa que es qüestioni l'abast dels seus continguts. Aquesta manca de consens es reflecteix en els debats sobre la seva història, sobretot per determinar-ne els orígens exactes. Hi ha dos enfocaments possibles per abordar l'origen del gènere de ciència-ficció. En primer lloc, podem identificar els seus orígens en els relats fantàstics com el que ens ofereix l'Epopeia de Gilgamesh,que ens endinsa en l'ideari de la civilització sumèria que ens exposa les vivències del rei mític Guilgameix d'Uruk. Les primeres versions de text en sumeri ens durien a una època del fins al 2150-2000 aC. Un segon punt de vista argumentaria que la ciència-ficció només seria possible a partir dels segles XVII i principis del XIX, un cop endegada la revolució científica i els principals descobriments en astronomia, física i matemàtiques. En qualsevol cas, hi ha un consens en adjudicar els inicis de la ciència-ficció, tal com l'entenem avui dia, amb el desenvolupament del segle xx, amb una profunda integració de la ciència i dels invents a la vida quotidiana, que va fomentar un major interès per la literatura que explorava la relació entre tecnologia, societat i individu. L'erudit anomena la història de la ciència-ficció com "la història de les actituds canviants de la humanitat envers l'espai i el temps ... la història de la nostra creixent comprensió de l'univers i la posició de la nostra espècie en aquest univers". En les darreres dècades, aquest gènere s’ha diversificat i s’ha consolidat fermament amb una influència important en la cultura i el pensament globals. A partir d'aquest enfocament contemporani amb el qual es constitueix el concepte de ciència-ficció cal destacar a com el primer al que se li atribueix aquesta denominació cap el 1851. Però encara era un terme utilitzat de forma molt aïllada. Caldria esperar a Hugo Gernsback quan va incorporar el terme el 1926 a una portada d'una de les revistes de narrativa especulativa mes difoses a la dècada del 1920 als Estats Units: Amazing Stories. Hi ha altres enfocaments que presenten a ,l al que se l atribueix en utilitzar-lo per primer cop el 1954. Fins a aquestes dates les narracions que, en l'actualitat, no dubtem a qualificar de ciència-ficció, rebien diversos noms, com ara «viatges fantàstics», «relats de mons perduts», «utopies», o «novel·les científiques». A mesura que la ciència-ficció va entrar a la cultura popular, els escriptors i seguidors d'aquest camp van associar el terme amb pel·lícules de Sèrie B de baix pressupost i de pocs continguts tecnològics i científics, així com amb literatura pulp de baixa qualitat. Cap a la dècada de 1970, crítics del camp, com i Terry Carr, feien servir la "ciència ficció" per distingir el treball piratejat de la ciència ficció seriosa. Peter Nicholls escriura que SF (CF) és l'abreviatura preferida dins de la comunitat d'escriptors i lectors. Robert Heinlein va trobar fins i tot que la ciència ficció era insuficient per a certs tipus d'obres d'aquest gènere, i va suggerir que s'utilitzés el terme ficció especulativa per a aquelles obres més "serioses" o "reflexives". El canadenc John Clute denomina a aquesta època anterior a l'eclosió del gènere com a proto ciència-ficció.sió del gènere com a proto ciència-ficció.
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, http://bn.dbpedia.org/resource/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8 +
, http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/m.0116r15g +
, http://hu.dbpedia.org/resource/A_science_fiction_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete +
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| rdfs:comment |
يُعَدّ الخيال العلمي صنفًا أدبيًا متنوعًا، … يُعَدّ الخيال العلمي صنفًا أدبيًا متنوعًا، وما زالت مسألة تعريفه الدقيق مطروحة بين علماء هذا النوع وهواته. وينعكس هذا النقص في الإجماع على النقاشات حول تاريخ النوع، وخصوصًا حول تحديد أصوله بدقة، إذ توجد مدرستان، إحداهما ترجع أصل هذا النوع إلى الأعمال الخيالية المبكرة، مثل ملحمة جلجامش السومرية (سنة 2150 ق.م). أما الثانية فتجادل بأن الخيال العلمي ظهر في الفترة بين القرنين السابع عشر والتاسع عشر، تزامنًا مع الثورة العلمية والاكتشافات الرئيسية في علوم الفلك والفيزياء والرياضيات.رئيسية في علوم الفلك والفيزياء والرياضيات.
, The literary genre of science fiction is d … The literary genre of science fiction is diverse, and its exact definition remains a contested question among both scholars and devotees. This lack of consensus is reflected in debates about the genre's history, particularly over determining its exact origins. There are two broad camps of thought, one that identifies the genre's roots in early fantastical works such as the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (earliest Sumerian text versions c. 2150–2000 BCE). A second approach argues that science fiction only became possible sometime between the 17th and early 19th centuries, following the scientific revolution and major discoveries in astronomy, physics, and mathematics.es in astronomy, physics, and mathematics.
, La fantascienza è un genere - dal punto di … La fantascienza è un genere - dal punto di vista letterario, cinematografico e degli altri media - assai variegato. Poiché vi è scarso consenso nella sua definizione tra studiosi e appassionati, le sue origini sono una questione aperta, ma si collocano comunque nell'ambito della letteratura.no comunque nell'ambito della letteratura.
, L'histoire de la science-fiction retrace l … L'histoire de la science-fiction retrace les points marquants de la science-fiction, un genre littéraire et cinématographique diversifié dont la trame narrative prend place dans un univers fictif où les différents aspects tirent leurs caractères de sciences, de technologies ou d'événements variés.s, de technologies ou d'événements variés.
, Sciencefiction is geen vastomlijnd literair genre, wat het moeilijk maakt om het precies te definiëren. In het algemeen beschrijft sciencefiction hoe een veronderstelde werkelijkheid met (min of meer) wetenschappelijke theorieën mogelijk wordt.
, La història de la ciència-ficció ens parla … La història de la ciència-ficció ens parla de l'evolució d'un gènere literari de ficció especulativa que sol tractar els efectes o les repercussions dels avenços científics i tecnològics, presents o futurs, en la societat o en els individus, com ara ciència i tecnologia avançades, exploració espacial, viatges en el temps, universos paral·lels i vida extraterrestre. El canadenc John Clute denomina a aquesta època anterior a l'eclosió del gènere com a proto ciència-ficció.sió del gènere com a proto ciència-ficció.
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History of science fiction
, Histoire de la science-fiction
, تاريخ الخيال العلمي
, Geschiedenis van sciencefiction
, Història de la ciència-ficció
, Storia della fantascienza
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| rdfs:seeAlso |
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pulp_magazine +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/New_Wave_%28science_fiction%29 +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Postcyberpunk +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Scientific_romance +
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