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Isolada pelo oceano, a região em que se lo … Isolada pelo oceano, a região em que se localiza Serra Leoa permaneceu afastada da influência dos grandes impérios que se estabeleceram no alto Níger por volta do ano 1000. Os povos que a habitavam encontravam-se então divididos em pequenos Estados independentes. Por volta do século XV, migrações de etnias sudanesas deslocaram para ilhas e zonas florestais os povos autóctones, entre os quais os , fixados na região desde tempos imemoriais. O português Pedro de Sintra descobriu as costas do país, que fazia parte do reino dos , em 1460. O nome do país, «Serra Leoa», terá sido dado pelo explorador luso, sendo que, na altura se referia à região montanhosa situada a Sul da actual cidade de Freetown. Contudo, pouco após sua descoberta este nome passou a ser usado como topónimo para todo o litoral da atual área ocidental da África. Com efeito, de acordo com o cosmógrafo e militar português, Duarte Pacheco Pereira, Pedro de Sintra denominou a região desta maneira porque a paisagem serrana lhe parecia "agreste e selvagem", pelo que, metaforicamente, a associou a um leão. No entanto, noutra passagem a respeito da etimologia do nome desta terra, ora atribuída a Luís de Cadamosto, afirma-se que os portugueses, durante as trovoadas, ouviram trovões "rugindo como um leão, vindo da montanha, com o vento soprando da montanha para o mar", daí a razão pela qual deram este nome à região. Em todo o caso, hodiernamente, já há autores modernos que contestam a autoria do nome «Serra Leoa» puramente a Pedro de Sintra, defendendo antes que o nome terá sido atribuído por outros navegadores portugueses, que terão passado previamente pelo território, sem documentar a sua passagem. A presença europeia no território data de 1462, quando os portugueses exploraram o litoral e fundaram as primeiras feitorias. Ainda hoje persistem edifícios construídos pelos portugueses. No século XVI, guerreiros mandingas, de origem mandé, vindos do interior, invadiram a região e forneceram escravos aos negreiros europeus. Em pouco tempo a área tornou-se num objeto de acirrada disputa comercial entre os traficantes de escravos portugueses, franceses, ingleses, holandeses, dinamarqueses e prussos. No século XVII, os comerciantes ingleses expulsaram os portugueses e em 1787, após campanha antiescravagista, uma organização abolicionista britânica fundou o núcleo que se tornaria a cidade de Freetown, para onde trasladou várias centenas de escravos libertos na Nova Inglaterra (EUA) e Antilhas que haviam buscado refúgio na Grã-Bretanha. A foi criada em 1791 com a finalidade de governar a colônia, tarefa que desempenhou até 1808. O porto local oferecia grande segurança e quando o Parlamento de Londres declarou ilegal o tráfico de escravos, em 1807, o governo britânico ali instalou uma base naval para o lançamento de operações contra as atividades dos traficantes. Em 1808 a região da converteu-se em colónia britânica e a população passou a assinalar um significativo crescimento, em consequência da chegada dos carregamentos de escravos apreendidos pelos navios de guerra britânicos. Em 1896, depois de vencer a resistência armada das tribos do interior, a Grã-Bretanha proclamou o protetorado sobre as demais regiões do território, distinto da colónia, e as fronteiras com a Libéria e a Guiné são fixadas. Em 1924, o país recebe uma Constituição, substituída por outra de 1947. Em 1951, a Constituição converteu Serra Leoa em Estado unitário. A colónia e protetorado foram unificados em 1960. Em 1961, no âmbito do processo de descolonização, a independência foi conquistada e o país passou a integrar a Comunidade Britânica de Nações (Commonwealth). A Constituição garantia o direito de voto para as mulheres. No entanto, o governo ficou nas mãos de uma oligarquia dirigida por Sir Milton Margai, apoiado pelos ingleses. Em 1967, depois da realização de eleições em que o vencedor foi Syaka Stevens, líder do Congresso de Todo o Povo ( - APC), o governo eleito foi deposto e o Exército deu um Golpe de Estado, criando o Conselho Nacional para a Reforma. Em 1968, ocorreu uma nova revolta militar, depois da qual foi restaurado o governo civil. Em 19 de abril de 1971, durante as comemorações pelo décimo aniversário da independência, Stevens, fortalecido promulga uma nova Constituição. O país, após 10 anos de instabilidade política, adotou então um regime republicano, rompendo os vínculos com a coroa britânica, mas mantendo-se, entretanto, integrado à organização britânica. Siaka Stevens assumiu o cargo de primeiro-ministro. Tornou-se, assim, o primeiro dirigente oposicionista africano a chegar ao poder por meio de eleições. Nas eleições de 1973, o único partido que se apresentou foi o Congresso de Todo o Povo. Com a promulgação de uma nova Constituição, em junho de 1978, institucionalizou-se o sistema de partido único, que permitiu a Stevens, presidente e primeiro-ministro, manter-se no poder até 1986. Quando desistiu de se candidatar à reeleição, criaram-se as condições para que a oposição crescesse. Em 1985 Stevens, com oitenta anos de idade, renunciou e foi sucedido pelo general . Um plebiscito marcou, em 1990, a redemocratização do país. No começo de 1991, houve grupos dissidentes que assumiram o controlo de várias cidades, com a ajuda militar da Guiné e da Nigéria. Pouco depois, foi aprovada uma Constituição que, entre outras conquistas democráticas, decretava a liberdade partidária. O processo de abertura, entretanto, foi interrompido em 1992 por um novo golpe, quando o capitão Valentine Strasser assumiu o poder. Uma rebelião explode na fronteira da Libéria, no Leste do país. Pressionado pelo Reino Unido, que em 1993 suspendeu a ajuda económica ao país, o governo prometeu convocar eleições diretas em 1996. Em 1996, o presidente Valentine Strasser foi deposto por um golpe militar, tendo o brigadeiro Julius Maada Bio assumindo o governo da nação. As urnas deram a presidência a Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, do , que governara com Margai entre 1961 e 1967. Mas, as atividades de grupos guerrilheiros, como a Frente Revolucionária Unida, mantiveram o estado de guerra interna que levou ao golpe de Estado do major Johnny Paul Koroma, que depôs o presidente Kabbah em maio de 1997. Uma intervenção das vizinhas Guiné e Nigéria, que chegaram a bombardear Freetown em junho desse ano, fracassou na tentativa de devolver o poder a Kabbah, enquanto Koroma endurecia sua posição suspendendo a Constituição e proibindo os partidos políticos. O país foi considerado pela ONU, em 1997, o menos desenvolvido do mundo, apesar das suas riquezas naturais. Em 1998, Kabbah foi reconduzido ao cargo, mas os conflitos entre rebeldes e forças governamentais prosseguiram. Em 2002 firmou-se um acordo de paz com os rebeldes e Kabbah foi reeleito presidente. A Serra Leoa é também conhecida pela infelicidade de possuir inúmeras minas de diamantes, que foram responsáveis por inúmeras mortes e revoluções que quase levaram o país ao extermínio. Hoje em dia muitas marcas ficaram, e mesmo após o afirmarem o fim do tráfico de diamantes, ainda hoje é possível encontrarem-se minas abertas onde ainda se escravizam centenas de pessoas (incluindo crianças). centenas de pessoas (incluindo crianças).
, Cet article présente les faits saillants de l'histoire de la Sierra Leone, un pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest.
, 塞拉利昂历史开始于大约2500年前。多个非洲部落在此定居。1792年，她作为一个殖民地安置美洲的奴隶。塞拉利昂在现代非洲的自由化和国家化扮演了一个重要的角色。
, 시에라리온은 적어도 2,500년 전에 아프리카 원주민들이 처음으로 거주하게 … 시에라리온은 적어도 2,500년 전에 아프리카 원주민들이 처음으로 거주하게 되었다. 은 시에라리온에 거주한 것으로 알려진 최초의 부족이다. 열대 우림은 이 지역을 다른 서아프리카 문화로부터 부분적으로 고립시켰고, 폭력과 지하드로부터 탈출하는 사람들의 피난처가 되었다. 시에라리온은 포르투갈 탐험가 가 1462년에 이 지역을 지도에 표시했다. 프리타운 하구는 선박들이 식수를 보호하고 보충할 수 있는 좋은 천연 항구를 제공했고, 해안과 대서양 횡단 무역이 사하라 횡단 무역을 대체하면서 국제적인 관심을 받았다. 16세기 중반, 이 침입하여 거의 모든 해안 원주민을 정복하고 시에라리온을 군사화했다. 마네족은 곧 지역 주민들과 섞였고, 여러 군주국과 왕국들은 유럽의 노예 무역상들에게 많은 포로들이 팔리면서 지속적인 분쟁 상태로 남아있었다. 은 시에라리온에 큰 영향을 미쳤으며, 17세기와 18세기에 이 무역이 번성했고, 이후 1807년 무역이 폐지되면서 노예제도 반대 노력의 중심지가 되었다. 영국의 노예제 폐지론자들은 프리타운에 흑인 왕당파를 위한 식민지를 조직했고, 이곳은 영국령 서아프리카의 수도가 되었다. 노예선을 요격하기 위해 해군 함대가 그곳에 주둔했고, 해방된 아프리카인들이 풀려나면서 식민지는 빠르게 성장했고, 나폴레옹 전쟁에서 영국을 위해 싸웠던 아프리카 병사들과 합류했다. 흑인 정착민들의 후손들은 또는 크리오라고 총칭되었다. 식민지 시대 동안 영국과 크리올은 주변 지역에 대한 지배력을 높여 상업이 방해받지 않도록 평화를 확보했고, 노예 무역과 치프들 간의 전쟁을 억제했다. 1895년 영국은 시에라리온의 국경을 그어 보호령으로 선포했고, 이에 따라 무장 저항과 1898년 허트 조세 전쟁이 발발했다. 그 후, 크리올이 정치적 권리를 찾고, 식민지 고용주들에 반대하는 노동조합들이 결성되었으며, 농민들이 그들의 수장들로부터 더 큰 정의를 추구함에 따라 반대와 개혁이 있었다. 시에라리온은 근대 아프리카의 정치적 자유와 민족주의에 중요한 역할을 했다. 1950년대에 새로운 헌법이 제정되어 이전에 따로 통치하던 이 통합되었다. 시에라리온은 1961년 4월 27일 영국으로부터 독립하여 영연방의 일원이 되었다. 민족적, 언어적 분열은 , , 크리올이 경쟁 세력으로서 국가 통합에 걸림돌로 남아있다. 독립 이후 약 절반의 세월이 독재 정부나 내전으로 점철되었다.로 남아있다. 독립 이후 약 절반의 세월이 독재 정부나 내전으로 점철되었다.
, Sierra Leone first became inhabited by ind … Sierra Leone first became inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. The Limba were the first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. The dense tropical rainforest partially isolated the region from other West African cultures, and it became a refuge for peoples escaping violence and jihads. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who mapped the region in 1462. The Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter and replenish drinking water, and gained more international attention as coastal and trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade. In the mid-16th century, the Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of the indigenous coastal peoples, and militarised Sierra Leone. The Mane soon blended with the local populations and the various chiefdoms and kingdoms remained in a continual state of conflict, with many captives sold to European slave-traders. The Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as this trade flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries, and later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when the trade was abolished in 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, and this became the capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was based there to intercept slave ships, and the colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans were released, joined by Afro-Caribbean and African soldiers who had fought for Britain in the American Revolutionary War. The descendants of the black settlers were collectively referred to as the Creoles or Krios. During the colonial era, the British and Creoles increased their control over the surrounding area, securing peace so that commerce would not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading and inter-chiefdom war. In 1895, Britain drew borders for Sierra Leone which they declared to be their protectorate, leading to armed resistance and the Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there was dissent and reforms as the Creoles sought political rights, trade unions formed against colonial employers, and peasants sought greater justice from their chiefs. Sierra Leone has played a significant part in modern African political liberty and nationalism. In the 1950s, a new constitution united the Crown Colony and Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gained independence from the United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic and linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, with the Mende, Temne and Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of the years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.ed by autocratic governments or civil war.
, La regione attualmente nota come Sierra Le … La regione attualmente nota come Sierra Leone occupava l'estremità meridionale del grande impero del Mali, che fiorì tra il XIII e il XV secolo. Tra i primi abitanti dell'area ci furono i temne, gli sherbro e i limba, che erano organizzati in nuclei tribali indipendenti governati da un capo. I mercanti mandingo/malinké, insediatisi anch'essi nella regione, si integrarono facilmente con la popolazione indigena.no facilmente con la popolazione indigena.
, Od połowy XV wieku do wybrzeży dzisiejszeg … Od połowy XV wieku do wybrzeży dzisiejszego Sierra Leone zaczęli docierać Portugalczycy, którzy zastali tu wiele małych państewek. Nazwę owemu skrawkowi wybrzeża nadał portugalski żeglarz . W XVI w. angielscy kupcy rozpoczęli zakładanie faktorii handlowych. Ich podstawowym towarem byli niewolnicy. W roku 1788 Brytyjczycy założyli miasto Freetown, a w 1797 roku w wyniku starań brytyjskich przeciwników niewolnictwa, którzy utworzyli , wydzielono obszar około 250 km2 w okolicach miasta, aby osiedlać tam uwolnionych niewolników. W roku 1808 posiadłość Towarzystwa została kolonią brytyjską, a reszta kraju protektoratem brytyjskim. W roku 1958 Sierra Leone uzyskało autonomię, a w 1961 r. – niepodległość i stało się członkiem brytyjskiej Wspólnoty Narodów.ę członkiem brytyjskiej Wspólnoty Narodów.
, La història de Sierra Leone comença gaireb … La història de Sierra Leone comença gairebé amb l'arribada dels europeus i transcorre com un país més de l'Àfrica Occidental fins a l'explotació massiva de diamants, els quals el van convertir en el més subdesenvolupat del món i el que té l'índex més baix de desenvolupament humà. l'índex més baix de desenvolupament humà.
, История Сьерра-Леоне в качестве колониального владения берёт своё начало с XV века; как независимого государства — с 1961 года.
, Сьє́рра-Лео́не розташована на західному узбережжі Африки.
, La Historia de Sierra Leona abarca todos l … La Historia de Sierra Leona abarca todos los períodos típicos de las culturas de África Occidental, desde su desarrollo prácticamente independiente en el medio selvático hasta la relación con los imperios del Sahel a partir del siglo XIII, posteriormente la llegada de los portugueses convirtió a los territorios de la actual Sierra Leona en una base para el tráfico atlántico de personas esclavizadas. La presencia británica en la zona como represora del tráfico esclavista fue la base para la colonia de Freetown que se convertiría del en centro de la colonia de Sierra Leona. En 1961 Sierra Leona, uno de los focos principales de extracción de diamantes del mundo, obtuvo su independencia del Reino Unido siguiendo períodos de gran inestabilidad política y una larga guerra civil que dejó al país devastado social y económicamente.al país devastado social y económicamente.
, Dit artikel handelt over de geschiedenis van Sierra Leone.
, Die Geschichte Sierra Leones ist die Gesch … Die Geschichte Sierra Leones ist die Geschichte des modernen Staates Sierra Leone und seiner kolonialen Vorläufer, also der britischen Kronkolonie und des Protektorats, aus denen dieser Staat entstanden ist sowie die vorkoloniale Geschichte der dort lebenden Völker. Da die Keimzelle Sierra Leones eine Kolonie befreiter Sklaven aus drei Kontinenten war, spielt auch die Geschichte der Sklaverei und ihrer Abschaffung eine entscheidende Rolle in der Geschichte des Landes.idende Rolle in der Geschichte des Landes.
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|
Sierra Leone
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/conventionalLongName
|
National Provisional Ruling Council
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|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/dateEnd
|
--05-25
, --03-29
, --04-29
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/dateEvent
|
"1991-10-01"^^xsd:date
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|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/datePre
|
"1961-04-27"^^xsd:date
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|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/dateStart
|
--03-29
, --04-29
, --04-19
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/deputy
|
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Christian_Alusine_Kamara-Taylor +
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|
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Cold_War +
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|
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|
http://dbpedia.org/resource/1991_Sierra_Leonean_constitutional_referendum +
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|
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/1996_Sierra_Leonean_general_election +
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, Disestablished
|
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|
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|
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/1996_Sierra_Leonean_general_election +
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, Republic established
|
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Flag of Sierra Leone
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Military_junta +
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Coat of arms of Sierra Leone.svg
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omit
|
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National Provisional Ruling Council
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|
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National Provisional Ruling Council
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|
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|
Coat of arms of Sierra Leone
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|
http://dbpedia.org/resource/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Sierra_Leone +
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La història de Sierra Leone comença gaireb … La història de Sierra Leone comença gairebé amb l'arribada dels europeus i transcorre com un país més de l'Àfrica Occidental fins a l'explotació massiva de diamants, els quals el van convertir en el més subdesenvolupat del món i el que té l'índex més baix de desenvolupament humà. l'índex més baix de desenvolupament humà.
, Dit artikel handelt over de geschiedenis van Sierra Leone.
, La Historia de Sierra Leona abarca todos l … La Historia de Sierra Leona abarca todos los períodos típicos de las culturas de África Occidental, desde su desarrollo prácticamente independiente en el medio selvático hasta la relación con los imperios del Sahel a partir del siglo XIII, posteriormente la llegada de los portugueses convirtió a los territorios de la actual Sierra Leona en una base para el tráfico atlántico de personas esclavizadas. La presencia británica en la zona como represora del tráfico esclavista fue la base para la colonia de Freetown que se convertiría del en centro de la colonia de Sierra Leona. En 1961 Sierra Leona, uno de los focos principales de extracción de diamantes del mundo, obtuvo su independencia del Reino Unido siguiendo períodos de gran inestabilidad política y una larga guerra civil que dejó al país y una larga guerra civil que dejó al país
, La regione attualmente nota come Sierra Le … La regione attualmente nota come Sierra Leone occupava l'estremità meridionale del grande impero del Mali, che fiorì tra il XIII e il XV secolo. Tra i primi abitanti dell'area ci furono i temne, gli sherbro e i limba, che erano organizzati in nuclei tribali indipendenti governati da un capo. I mercanti mandingo/malinké, insediatisi anch'essi nella regione, si integrarono facilmente con la popolazione indigena.no facilmente con la popolazione indigena.
, 塞拉利昂历史开始于大约2500年前。多个非洲部落在此定居。1792年，她作为一个殖民地安置美洲的奴隶。塞拉利昂在现代非洲的自由化和国家化扮演了一个重要的角色。
, Sierra Leone first became inhabited by ind … Sierra Leone first became inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. The Limba were the first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. The dense tropical rainforest partially isolated the region from other West African cultures, and it became a refuge for peoples escaping violence and jihads. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who mapped the region in 1462. The Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter and replenish drinking water, and gained more international attention as coastal and trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.ntic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.
, Сьє́рра-Лео́не розташована на західному узбережжі Африки.
, Die Geschichte Sierra Leones ist die Gesch … Die Geschichte Sierra Leones ist die Geschichte des modernen Staates Sierra Leone und seiner kolonialen Vorläufer, also der britischen Kronkolonie und des Protektorats, aus denen dieser Staat entstanden ist sowie die vorkoloniale Geschichte der dort lebenden Völker. Da die Keimzelle Sierra Leones eine Kolonie befreiter Sklaven aus drei Kontinenten war, spielt auch die Geschichte der Sklaverei und ihrer Abschaffung eine entscheidende Rolle in der Geschichte des Landes.idende Rolle in der Geschichte des Landes.
, Od połowy XV wieku do wybrzeży dzisiejszeg … Od połowy XV wieku do wybrzeży dzisiejszego Sierra Leone zaczęli docierać Portugalczycy, którzy zastali tu wiele małych państewek. Nazwę owemu skrawkowi wybrzeża nadał portugalski żeglarz . W XVI w. angielscy kupcy rozpoczęli zakładanie faktorii handlowych. Ich podstawowym towarem byli niewolnicy. W roku 1788 Brytyjczycy założyli miasto Freetown, a w 1797 roku w wyniku starań brytyjskich przeciwników niewolnictwa, którzy utworzyli , wydzielono obszar około 250 km2 w okolicach miasta, aby osiedlać tam uwolnionych niewolników. W roku 1808 posiadłość Towarzystwa została kolonią brytyjską, a reszta kraju protektoratem brytyjskim. W roku 1958 Sierra Leone uzyskało autonomię, a w 1961 r. – niepodległość i stało się członkiem brytyjskiej Wspólnoty Narodów.ę członkiem brytyjskiej Wspólnoty Narodów.
, История Сьерра-Леоне в качестве колониального владения берёт своё начало с XV века; как независимого государства — с 1961 года.
, Cet article présente les faits saillants de l'histoire de la Sierra Leone, un pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest.
, Isolada pelo oceano, a região em que se lo … Isolada pelo oceano, a região em que se localiza Serra Leoa permaneceu afastada da influência dos grandes impérios que se estabeleceram no alto Níger por volta do ano 1000. Os povos que a habitavam encontravam-se então divididos em pequenos Estados independentes. Por volta do século XV, migrações de etnias sudanesas deslocaram para ilhas e zonas florestais os povos autóctones, entre os quais os , fixados na região desde tempos imemoriais.fixados na região desde tempos imemoriais.
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Historia Sierra Leone
, História da Serra Leoa
, 塞拉利昂历史
, History of Sierra Leone
, Історія Сьєрра-Леоне
, Història de Sierra Leone
, Geschichte Sierra Leones
, История Сьерра-Леоне
, Geschiedenis van Sierra Leone
, تاريخ سيراليون
, Histoire de la Sierra Leone
, 시에라리온의 역사
, Storia della Sierra Leone
, Historia de Sierra Leona
, Dějiny Sierry Leone
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