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Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (* 4. April 19 … Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (* 4. April 1933 in Amsterdam) ist niederländischer Politiker (VVD). Er war von 1999 bis 2004 EU-Kommissar und lieferte 2004 den vieldiskutierten Entwurf der Europäischen Dienstleistungsrichtlinie (auch vielfach „Bolkestein-Richtlinie“).e (auch vielfach „Bolkestein-Richtlinie“).
, Frederik Bolkestein, conegut popularment amb el nom de Frits Bolkestein, (Amsterdam, Països Baixos 1933) és un polític neerlandès que fou membre de la Comissió Europea entre 1999 i 2004 així com ministre al seu país.
, Frits Bolkestein (naskiĝis la 4-an de apri … Frits Bolkestein (naskiĝis la 4-an de aprilo 1933 en Amsterdamo) estas nederlanda politikisto. Li inter alie estis komisaro en la Eŭropa Komisiono Prodi, kiu gvidis la Eŭropan Union de la 16-a de septembro 1999 (post la demisio de la antaŭa Komisiono Santer) ĝis la 31-a de oktobro 2004. En la Eŭropa Komisiono, li prezidis la fakojn interna merkato, fiskeco kaj doganunuiĝo. Frits Bolkestein estas membro de la liberala partio VVD de Nederlando.o de la liberala partio VVD de Nederlando.
, Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (ur. 4 kwietni … Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (ur. 4 kwietnia 1933 w Amsterdamie) – holenderski polityk i ekonomista, parlamentarzysta i minister, w latach 1990–1998 lider Partii Ludowej na rzecz Wolności i Demokracji (VVD), od 1999 do 2004 członek Komisji Europejskiej ds. usług i rynku wewnętrznego.ropejskiej ds. usług i rynku wewnętrznego.
, Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (Dutch pronunc … Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈfreːdərɪk frɪdz ˈbɔlkəstɛi̯n]; born 4 April 1933) is a retired Dutch politician and businessman who served as Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) from 1990 to 1998 and European Commissioner for Internal Market from 1999 until 2004 under Romano Prodi. Bolkestein studied Mathematics at the Oregon State University getting a Bachelor of Mathematics degree and continued his study at the University of Amsterdam obtaining a Master of Mathematics degree followed by a postgraduate education in Philosophy and Greek literature at his alma mater obtaining Masters of Philosophy and Arts degrees, followed by another postgraduate study in Economics at the London School of Economics obtaining a Master of Economics degree and additional study in Law at the Leiden University obtaining a Master of Laws degree. Bolkestein worked as a corporate director for Royal Dutch Shell from May 1960 until July 1976 and as a manager for an engineering company in Amsterdam from September 1976 until January 1978. Bolkestein became a member of the House of Representatives shortly after election of 1977 taking office on 16 January 1978 serving as a frontbencher and spokesman for Economic Affairs. After the election of 1982 Bolkestein was appointed as State Secretary for Economic Affairs in the Cabinet Lubbers I taking office on 5 November 1982. After the election of 1986 Bolkestein was not offered a cabinet post in the new cabinet and returned to the House of Representatives on 3 June 1986 serving as a frontbencher and spokesman for Foreign Affairs and International trade. Bolkestein was appointed as Minister of Defence in the Cabinet Lubbers II following a cabinet reshuffle taking office on 24 September 1988. After the election of 1989 Bolkestein again returned to the House of Representatives on 14 September 1989. Shortly after the election, party leader and parliamentary leader Joris Voorhoeve announced he was stepping down and Bolkestein announced his candidacy to succeed and was selected as his successor on 30 April 1990. For the election of 1994 Bolkestein served as lijsttrekker (top candidate) and following a successful cabinet formation with Labour Leader Wim Kok and fellow Liberal Leader Hans van Mierlo formed the Cabinet Kok I with Bolkestein opting to remain as Parliamentary leader. Bolkestein also served as President of the Liberal International from 15 April 1996 until 18 April 2000. For the election of 1998 Bolkestein again served as lijsttrekker (top candidate) but shortly thereafter announced that he was stepping down on 30 July 1998 but continued to serve in the House of Representatives as a backbencher. In August 1999 Bolkestein was nominated as the next European Commissioner in the Prodi Commission, and was giving the heavy portfolios of Internal Market and Services and Taxation and Customs serving from 16 September 1999 until 22 November 2004. Bolkestein retired from active politics at 71 and became active in the public sector as a non-profit director, and worked as a distinguished professor of international relations and Governmental Studies at his alma mater of Leiden and the Delft University of Technology from November 2004 until November 2010. Following his retirement Bolkestein continued to be active as a advocate and lobbyist for more European integration and strengthening transatlantic relations. Bolkestein is known for his abilities as a skillful debater and accomplished negotiator and as of 2022 continues to comment on political affairs as a statesman.mment on political affairs as a statesman.
, Frederik Bolkestein, dit Frits Bolkestein, … Frederik Bolkestein, dit Frits Bolkestein, né le 4 avril 1933 à Amsterdam, est un homme politique néerlandais. Bolkestein a dirigé le Parti populaire libéral et démocrate. Connu dans son pays pour son franc-parler et ses déclarations musclées sur l'immigration, il a gagné en notoriété au niveau européen par la controverse autour d'une directive européenne qu'il a rédigée, la directive Services, souvent appelée « directive Bolkestein ». souvent appelée « directive Bolkestein ».
, Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (pengucapan Be … Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (pengucapan Belanda: [ˈfreːdərɪk frɪdz ˈbɔlkəstɛin], ) (kelahiran 4 April 1933) adalah seorang pensiunan dari Partai Rakyat untuk Kebebasan dan Demokrasi (VVD). Ia menjabat sebagai Anggota Dewan Perwakilan dari 16 Januari 1978, sampai 5 November 1982, ketika ia menjadi untuk dari 5 November 1982, sampai 14 Juli 1986, dalam . Dan kembali menjadi Anggota Dewan Perwakilan dari 3 Juni 1986, sampai 24 September 1988, ketika ia menjadi dari 24 September 1988, sampai 7 November 1989, dalam . Ia kembali menjado Dewan Perwakilan pada 14 September 1989, dan sembilan bulan kemudian pada 1 Mei 1990, ia menjadi dalam Dewan Perwakilan dan pemimpin partai Partai Rakyat untuk Kebebasan dan Demokrasi. Ia menduduki jabatan tersebut selama delapan tahun sampai 30 Juli 1998. Dari 15 September 1999, sampai 22 November 2004, ia menjadi . Dalam Komisi Eropa, Bolkestein ditugaskan untuk mengurusi perpajakan dan masalah serikat pabean.usi perpajakan dan masalah serikat pabean.
, Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (Amsterdam, 4 aprile 1933) è un economista e politico olandese. Prende il suo nome la direttiva Bolkestein, sulla libera circolazione dei servizi in seno all'Unione europea.
, Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein, född 4 april … Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein, född 4 april 1933 i Amsterdam, är en nederländsk politiker från det högerliberala partiet Folkpartiet för Frihet och Demokrati (VVD). Bolkestein har universitetsexamen i matematik, fysik, filosofi och grekiska från Universiteit van Amsterdam, nationalekonomi från London School of Economics och juridik (Master of Laws) från Universitetet i Leiden 1965. Han var ledamot av Generalstaterna (parlamentet) 1978-1982, 1986-1988 och 1989-1999. Han ingick i regeringen 1982-1986 som handelsminister och 1988-1989 som försvarsminister. 1990-1998 var han partiledare för VVD och 1996-1999 ordförande för Liberala internationalen. Bolkestein var EU-kommissionär 1999-2004 och ansvarade för den inre marknaden, tjänster, skatter och tullar i Prodi-kommissionen. Från denna post drev han bland annat frågorna om gemenskapspatent och tjänstedirektivet (Bolkesteindirektivet). tjänstedirektivet (Bolkesteindirektivet).
, Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (Ámsterdam al … Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (Ámsterdam al 4 de abril de 1933) es un político neerlandés. Nieto de Gerrit Bolkestein, es conocido por sus afirmaciones sin ambages y por sus declaraciones radicales sobre la inmigración y sobre los “valores holandeses”. Estudió Ciencias Exactas, Física, Griego y Filosofía en la Universidad de Ámsterdam, en los Estados Unidos y en Inglaterra. En 1965 acabó sus estudios de Derecho en la Universidad de Leiden. Como empleado de Shell trabajó en Honduras, El Salvador, África e Indonesia, y más adelante en París, donde fue director de Shell-Química. En 1976 comenzó una carrera política en el Partido Popular por Libertad y Democracia (VVD). En 1978 fue elegido diputado. Entre 1982 y 1986 fue subsecretario de comercio exterior. Entre 1988 y 1990 fue ministro de defensa. Después fue líder del partido liberal en el parlamento neerlandés, cargo que abandonó en 1999. Entre 1999 y 2004 fue miembro de la Comisión Europea, encargado del mercado interno y de la Unión Aduanera. Uno de sus proyectos más conocidos es la Directiva Bolkestein, que pretende desregular la circulación de todos los servicios en los países de la Unión Europea. La directiva encuentra mucha resistencia de los ciudadanos europeos. El 14 de febrero de 2006 unas 40 mil personas protestaron en Estrasburgo contra la directiva Bolkestein.strasburgo contra la directiva Bolkestein.
, Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (Amsterdam, 4 … Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (Amsterdam, 4 april 1933) is een Nederlands voormalig politicus van de Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (VVD). Bolkestein, die achtereenvolgens wiskunde, wijsbegeerte, Grieks, economie en rechten studeerde, werkte onder andere lange tijd voor oliemaatschappij Shell in het buitenland, voordat hij terugkeerde naar Nederland en na de Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 1977 in het parlement plaatsnam. Hij was staatssecretaris van Buitenlandse Handel (1982-1986) en korte tijd minister van Defensie (1988-1989). Het bekendst is Bolkestein geworden als fractievoorzitter van de VVD in de Tweede Kamer. Bolkestein was de informele oppositieleider tijdens het derde kabinet-Lubbers en bleef ook na het toetreden van de VVD tot het paarse kabinet-Kok een uitgesproken politiek leider. Bolkestein stelde in een vroeg stadium thema's als multiculturalisme, immigratie en de Europese Unie veelvuldig aan de kaak. Van 1999 tot 2004 was Bolkestein Europees commissaris voor Interne markt, de Douane-Unie en Belastingen. Hij overzag in deze periode de Bolkesteinmaatregel voor het vereenvoudigen van betalingsverkeer binnen de eurozone en pleitte voor de opening van de Europese dienstenmarkt, bijgenaamd de Bolkesteinrichtlijn.nmarkt, bijgenaamd de Bolkesteinrichtlijn.
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Frederik Bolkestein, conegut popularment amb el nom de Frits Bolkestein, (Amsterdam, Països Baixos 1933) és un polític neerlandès que fou membre de la Comissió Europea entre 1999 i 2004 així com ministre al seu país.
, Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (Amsterdam, 4 aprile 1933) è un economista e politico olandese. Prende il suo nome la direttiva Bolkestein, sulla libera circolazione dei servizi in seno all'Unione europea.
, Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (pengucapan Be … Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (pengucapan Belanda: [ˈfreːdərɪk frɪdz ˈbɔlkəstɛin], ) (kelahiran 4 April 1933) adalah seorang pensiunan dari Partai Rakyat untuk Kebebasan dan Demokrasi (VVD). Ia menjabat sebagai Anggota Dewan Perwakilan dari 16 Januari 1978, sampai 5 November 1982, ketika ia menjadi untuk dari 5 November 1982, sampai 14 Juli 1986, dalam . Dan kembali menjadi Anggota Dewan Perwakilan dari 3 Juni 1986, sampai 24 September 1988, ketika ia menjadi dari 24 September 1988, sampai 7 November 1989, dalam . Ia kembali menjado Dewan Perwakilan pada 14 September 1989, dan sembilan bulan kemudian pada 1 Mei 1990, ia menjadi dalam Dewan Perwakilan dan pemimpin partai Partai Rakyat untuk Kebebasan dan Demokrasi. Ia menduduki jabatan tersebut selama delapan tahun sampai 30 Juli 1998. selama delapan tahun sampai 30 Juli 1998.
, Frits Bolkestein (naskiĝis la 4-an de apri … Frits Bolkestein (naskiĝis la 4-an de aprilo 1933 en Amsterdamo) estas nederlanda politikisto. Li inter alie estis komisaro en la Eŭropa Komisiono Prodi, kiu gvidis la Eŭropan Union de la 16-a de septembro 1999 (post la demisio de la antaŭa Komisiono Santer) ĝis la 31-a de oktobro 2004. En la Eŭropa Komisiono, li prezidis la fakojn interna merkato, fiskeco kaj doganunuiĝo. Frits Bolkestein estas membro de la liberala partio VVD de Nederlando.o de la liberala partio VVD de Nederlando.
, Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (* 4. April 19 … Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (* 4. April 1933 in Amsterdam) ist niederländischer Politiker (VVD). Er war von 1999 bis 2004 EU-Kommissar und lieferte 2004 den vieldiskutierten Entwurf der Europäischen Dienstleistungsrichtlinie (auch vielfach „Bolkestein-Richtlinie“).e (auch vielfach „Bolkestein-Richtlinie“).
, Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (Ámsterdam al … Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (Ámsterdam al 4 de abril de 1933) es un político neerlandés. Nieto de Gerrit Bolkestein, es conocido por sus afirmaciones sin ambages y por sus declaraciones radicales sobre la inmigración y sobre los “valores holandeses”. Estudió Ciencias Exactas, Física, Griego y Filosofía en la Universidad de Ámsterdam, en los Estados Unidos y en Inglaterra. En 1965 acabó sus estudios de Derecho en la Universidad de Leiden. Como empleado de Shell trabajó en Honduras, El Salvador, África e Indonesia, y más adelante en París, donde fue director de Shell-Química.arís, donde fue director de Shell-Química.
, Frederik Bolkestein, dit Frits Bolkestein, … Frederik Bolkestein, dit Frits Bolkestein, né le 4 avril 1933 à Amsterdam, est un homme politique néerlandais. Bolkestein a dirigé le Parti populaire libéral et démocrate. Connu dans son pays pour son franc-parler et ses déclarations musclées sur l'immigration, il a gagné en notoriété au niveau européen par la controverse autour d'une directive européenne qu'il a rédigée, la directive Services, souvent appelée « directive Bolkestein ». souvent appelée « directive Bolkestein ».
, Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (ur. 4 kwietni … Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (ur. 4 kwietnia 1933 w Amsterdamie) – holenderski polityk i ekonomista, parlamentarzysta i minister, w latach 1990–1998 lider Partii Ludowej na rzecz Wolności i Demokracji (VVD), od 1999 do 2004 członek Komisji Europejskiej ds. usług i rynku wewnętrznego.ropejskiej ds. usług i rynku wewnętrznego.
, Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein, född 4 april … Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein, född 4 april 1933 i Amsterdam, är en nederländsk politiker från det högerliberala partiet Folkpartiet för Frihet och Demokrati (VVD). Bolkestein har universitetsexamen i matematik, fysik, filosofi och grekiska från Universiteit van Amsterdam, nationalekonomi från London School of Economics och juridik (Master of Laws) från Universitetet i Leiden 1965. Han var ledamot av Generalstaterna (parlamentet) 1978-1982, 1986-1988 och 1989-1999. Han ingick i regeringen 1982-1986 som handelsminister och 1988-1989 som försvarsminister. 1990-1998 var han partiledare för VVD och 1996-1999 ordförande för Liberala internationalen.9 ordförande för Liberala internationalen.
, Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (Dutch pronunc … Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈfreːdərɪk frɪdz ˈbɔlkəstɛi̯n]; born 4 April 1933) is a retired Dutch politician and businessman who served as Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) from 1990 to 1998 and European Commissioner for Internal Market from 1999 until 2004 under Romano Prodi.t from 1999 until 2004 under Romano Prodi.
, Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (Amsterdam, 4 … Frederik (Frits) Bolkestein (Amsterdam, 4 april 1933) is een Nederlands voormalig politicus van de Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (VVD). Bolkestein, die achtereenvolgens wiskunde, wijsbegeerte, Grieks, economie en rechten studeerde, werkte onder andere lange tijd voor oliemaatschappij Shell in het buitenland, voordat hij terugkeerde naar Nederland en na de Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 1977 in het parlement plaatsnam. Hij was staatssecretaris van Buitenlandse Handel (1982-1986) en korte tijd minister van Defensie (1988-1989).te tijd minister van Defensie (1988-1989).
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Frits Bolkestein
, Niels Kobet
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