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A distributed-element filter is an electro … A distributed-element filter is an electronic filter in which capacitance, inductance, and resistance (the elements of the circuit) are not localised in discrete capacitors, inductors, and resistors as they are in conventional filters. Its purpose is to allow a range of signal frequencies to pass, but to block others. Conventional filters are constructed from inductors and capacitors, and the circuits so built are described by the lumped element model, which considers each element to be "lumped together" at one place. That model is conceptually simple, but it becomes increasingly unreliable as the frequency of the signal increases, or equivalently as the wavelength decreases. The distributed-element model applies at all frequencies, and is used in transmission-line theory; many distributed-element components are made of short lengths of transmission line. In the distributed view of circuits, the elements are distributed along the length of conductors and are inextricably mixed together. The filter design is usually concerned only with inductance and capacitance, but because of this mixing of elements they cannot be treated as separate "lumped" capacitors and inductors. There is no precise frequency above which distributed element filters must be used but they are especially associated with the microwave band (wavelength less than one metre). Distributed-element filters are used in many of the same applications as lumped element filters, such as selectivity of radio channel, bandlimiting of noise and multiplexing of many signals into one channel. Distributed-element filters may be constructed to have any of the bandforms possible with lumped elements (low-pass, band-pass, etc.) with the exception of high-pass, which is usually only approximated. All filter classes used in lumped element designs (Butterworth, Chebyshev, etc.) can be implemented using a distributed-element approach. There are many component forms used to construct distributed-element filters, but all have the common property of causing a discontinuity on the transmission line. These discontinuities present a reactive impedance to a wavefront travelling down the line, and these reactances can be chosen by design to serve as approximations for lumped inductors, capacitors or resonators, as required by the filter. The development of distributed-element filters was spurred on by the military need for radar and electronic counter measures during World War II. Lumped element analogue filters had long before been developed but these new military systems operated at microwave frequencies and new filter designs were required. When the war ended, the technology found applications in the microwave links used by telephone companies and other organisations with large fixed-communication networks, such as television broadcasters. Nowadays the technology can be found in several mass-produced consumer items, such as the converters (figure 1 shows an example) used with satellite television dishes.le) used with satellite television dishes.
, Un filtro a elementi distribuiti è un filt … Un filtro a elementi distribuiti è un filtro in cui capacità, induttanza e resistenza (gli elementi del circuito) non sono localizzati in condensatori, induttori e resistori discreti come invece lo sono nei filtri convenzionali. Il loro scopo è lasciar passare un intervallo di frequenze dei segnali, ma di bloccare le altre. I filtri convenzionali vengono realizzati con induttori e condensatori e i circuiti così costruiti sono descritti dal modello a elementi concentrati, che considera ogni elemento come se fosse "interamente concentrato" in unico punto. Questo modello è concettualmente semplice, ma diventa sempre meno accurato all'aumentare della frequenza dei segnali, o equivalentemente al diminuire della lunghezza d'onda. Il modello a elementi distribuiti si applica a tutte le frequenze ed è usato nella teoria delle linee di trasmissione; molti componenti a elementi distribuiti sono costituiti da brevi tratti di linee di trasmissione. Nella trattazione secondo il modello a elementi distribuiti dei circuiti, gli elementi sono distribuiti in tutta la lunghezza dei conduttori e sono indissolubilmente mescolati insieme. La progettazione di un filtro di solito riguarda solo l'induttanza e la capacità, ma a causa di questa mescolanza di elementi, essi non possono essere trattati come condensatori e induttori "concentrati" separati. Non c'è una frequenza precisa sopra la quale devono essere usati i filtri a elementi distribuiti ma essi sono associati specialmente con la banda delle microonde (lunghezza d'onda minore di un metro). I filtri a elementi distribuiti sono usati in molte delle stesse applicazioni in cui si utilizzano i filtri a elementi concentrati, come la selettività dei canali radio, la filtrazione del rumore e il multiplexing di molti segnali in un canale. I filtri a elementi distribuiti possono essere costruiti in modo da avere una qualsiasi forma di banda tra quelle possibile con i filtri a elementi concentrati (passa basso, passa banda, ecc.) con l'eccezione del filtro passa alto, che in generale è solo approssimativo. Tutte le classi di filtri usati nelle progettazioni a elementi concentrati (Butterworth, Chebyshev, ecc.) possono essere implementati usando un approccio a elementi distribuiti. Ci sono molte forme di componenti utilizzati per costruire filtri ad elementi distribuiti, ma tutti hanno la comune proprietà di causare una su una linea di trasmissione. Queste discontinuità presentano una impedenza reattiva a un fronte d'onda che viaggia lungo la linea e queste reattanze possono essere scelte, in base alla progettazione, per approssimare il comportamento di induttori, condensatori, o risuonatori concentrati, così come richiesto dal filtro. Lo sviluppo di filtri a elementi distribuiti è stato stimolato dalla necessità militare di radar e contromisure elettroniche durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale. I filtri analogici a elementi concentrati erano stati sviluppati molto tempo prima, ma questi nuovi sistemi militari operavano alle frequenze delle microonde ed erano necessari nuovi modelli di filtri. Quando la guerra finì, la tecnologia trovò applicazioni nei ponti radio a microonde utilizzati dalle compagnie telefoniche o dal altre organizzazioni con grandi reti di comunicazione fissa, come le emittenti televisive. Al giorno d'oggi la tecnologia può essere trovata in diversi articoli di consumo prodotti in serie, come i low noise block converter (la figura 1 mostra un esempio) usati con le antenne paraboliche per la televisione satellitare.araboliche per la televisione satellitare.
, Un filtre à éléments distribués est un fil … Un filtre à éléments distribués est un filtre électronique dans lequel la capacité, l'inductance et la résistance (les éléments du circuit) ne sont pas localisées dans des condensateurs, des inducteurs et des résistances discrets comme dans les filtres classiques. Son but est de laisser passer une gamme de fréquences de signaux, mais d'en bloquer d'autres. Les filtres conventionnels sont construits à partir d'inductances et de condensateurs, et les circuits ainsi construits sont décrits par le (en), qui considère que chaque élément est "localisé" à un endroit. Ce modèle est simple d'un point de vue conceptuel, mais il devient de moins en moins fiable lorsque la fréquence du signal augmente ou, de manière équivalente, lorsque la longueur d'onde diminue. Le (en) s'applique à toutes les fréquences et est utilisé dans la théorie des lignes de transmission ; de nombreux composants à éléments distribués sont constitués de courtes longueurs de lignes de transmission. Dans la vision distribuée des circuits, les éléments sont répartis sur la longueur des conducteurs et sont inextricablement mélangés. La conception d'un filtre ne concerne généralement que l'inductance et la capacité, mais en raison de ce mélange d'éléments, ils ne peuvent pas être traités comme des condensateurs et des inductances "localisés" séparés. Il n'existe pas de fréquence précise au-dessus de laquelle les filtres à éléments distribués doivent être utilisés, mais ils sont surtout associés à la bande des micro-ondes (longueur d'onde inférieure à un mètre). Les filtres à éléments distribués sont utilisés dans de nombreuses applications similaires à celles des filtres à éléments localisés, telles que la (en) du canal radio, la (en) de bruit et le multiplexage de nombreux signaux sur un canal. Les filtres à éléments distribués peuvent être construits pour avoir n'importe laquelle des formes de bande possibles avec des éléments localisés (passe-bas, passe-bande, etc.), à l'exception du passe-haut, qui n'est généralement qu'approximatif. Toutes les classes de filtres utilisées dans les conceptions à éléments localisés (Butterworth, Tchebychev, etc.) peuvent être mises en œuvre en utilisant une approche à éléments distribués. Il existe de nombreuses formes de composants utilisés pour construire des filtres à éléments distribués, mais tous ont la propriété commune de provoquer une (en) sur la ligne de transmission. Ces discontinuités présentent une impédance réactive à un front d'onde se déplaçant le long de la ligne, et ces réactances peuvent être choisies par conception pour servir d'approximations pour des inducteurs, des condensateurs ou des résonateurs localisés, selon les besoins du filtre. Le développement des filtres à éléments distribués a été stimulé par les besoins militaires en matière de radar et de contre-mesures électroniques pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Des filtres analogiques à éléments groupés avaient été développés depuis longtemps, mais ces nouveaux systèmes militaires fonctionnaient à des fréquences micro-ondes et de nouvelles conceptions de filtres étaient nécessaires. À la fin de la guerre, la technologie a trouvé des applications dans les liaisons hyperfréquences utilisées par les compagnies de téléphone et d'autres organisations disposant de vastes réseaux de communication fixes, comme les diffuseurs de télévision. Aujourd'hui, on retrouve cette technologie dans plusieurs produits de consommation de masse, tels que les convertisseurs (la figure 1 en donne un exemple) utilisés avec les antennes de télévision par satellite. les antennes de télévision par satellite.
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Un filtro a elementi distribuiti è un filt … Un filtro a elementi distribuiti è un filtro in cui capacità, induttanza e resistenza (gli elementi del circuito) non sono localizzati in condensatori, induttori e resistori discreti come invece lo sono nei filtri convenzionali. Il loro scopo è lasciar passare un intervallo di frequenze dei segnali, ma di bloccare le altre. I filtri convenzionali vengono realizzati con induttori e condensatori e i circuiti così costruiti sono descritti dal modello a elementi concentrati, che considera ogni elemento come se fosse "interamente concentrato" in unico punto. Questo modello è concettualmente semplice, ma diventa sempre meno accurato all'aumentare della frequenza dei segnali, o equivalentemente al diminuire della lunghezza d'onda. Il modello a elementi distribuiti si applica a tutte le frequenze stribuiti si applica a tutte le frequenze
, Un filtre à éléments distribués est un fil … Un filtre à éléments distribués est un filtre électronique dans lequel la capacité, l'inductance et la résistance (les éléments du circuit) ne sont pas localisées dans des condensateurs, des inducteurs et des résistances discrets comme dans les filtres classiques. Son but est de laisser passer une gamme de fréquences de signaux, mais d'en bloquer d'autres. Les filtres conventionnels sont construits à partir d'inductances et de condensateurs, et les circuits ainsi construits sont décrits par le (en), qui considère que chaque élément est "localisé" à un endroit. Ce modèle est simple d'un point de vue conceptuel, mais il devient de moins en moins fiable lorsque la fréquence du signal augmente ou, de manière équivalente, lorsque la longueur d'onde diminue. Le (en) s'applique à toutes les fréminue. Le (en) s'applique à toutes les fré
, A distributed-element filter is an electro … A distributed-element filter is an electronic filter in which capacitance, inductance, and resistance (the elements of the circuit) are not localised in discrete capacitors, inductors, and resistors as they are in conventional filters. Its purpose is to allow a range of signal frequencies to pass, but to block others. Conventional filters are constructed from inductors and capacitors, and the circuits so built are described by the lumped element model, which considers each element to be "lumped together" at one place. That model is conceptually simple, but it becomes increasingly unreliable as the frequency of the signal increases, or equivalently as the wavelength decreases. The distributed-element model applies at all frequencies, and is used in transmission-line theory; many distributedtransmission-line theory; many distributed
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| rdfs:label |
Distributed-element filter
, Filtro a elementi distribuiti
, Filtre à éléments distribués
|
