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John Derek Freeman, né le 15 août 1916 à W … John Derek Freeman, né le 15 août 1916 à Wellington en Nouvelle-Zélande et mort le 16 juillet 2001 à Canberra en Australie, est un anthropologue néo-zélandais. Il est connu pour sa critique de l'ethnographie de Margaret Mead sur la société Samoa paru en 1928, Coming of Age in Samoa.amoa paru en 1928, Coming of Age in Samoa.
, John Derek Freeman (15 August 1916 – 6 Jul … John Derek Freeman (15 August 1916 – 6 July 2001) was a New Zealand anthropologist known for of Margaret Mead's work on Samoan society, as described in her 1928 ethnography Coming of Age in Samoa. His attack "ignited controversy of a scale, visibility, and ferocity never before seen in anthropology." Freeman initially became interested in Boasian cultural anthropology while an undergraduate in Wellington, and later went to live and work as a teacher in Samoa. After entering the New Zealand Naval Reserve in World War II, he did graduate training with British social anthropologists Meyer Fortes and Raymond Firth at London School of Economics. He did two and a half years of fieldwork in Borneo studying the Iban people. His 1953 doctoral dissertation described the relations between Iban agriculture and kinship practices. Returning to Borneo in 1961 he suffered a nervous breakdown induced by an intense rivalry with ethnologist and explorer Tom Harrisson. This experience profoundly altered his view of anthropology, changing his interests to looking at the ways in which human behavior is influenced by universal psychological and biological foundations. From then on Freeman argued strongly for a new approach to anthropology which integrated insights from evolutionary theory and psychoanalysis, and he published works on the concepts of aggression and choice. This new interest in biological and psychological universals led him to take issue with the famous American anthropologist Margaret Mead who had described Samoan adolescents as not suffering from the "coming of age" crisis which was commonly thought to be universal when the study was published in 1923. Mead argued that the lack of this crisis in Samoan adolescence was caused by the youths' greater degree of sexual freedom, and that adolescence crises were therefore not universal, but culturally conditioned. In 1966-67 Freeman conducted fieldwork in Samoa, trying to find Mead's original informants, and while visiting the community where Mead had worked he experienced another breakdown. In 1983 Freeman published his book Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth in which he argued that Mead's data and conclusions were wrong and that Samoan youths suffered from the same problems as Western adolescents. He also argued that Samoan culture in fact put greater emphasis on female virginity than Western culture and had higher indices of juvenile delinquency, sexual violence and suicide. He later published The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead, in which he argued that Mead's misunderstandings of Samoan culture were due to her having been hoaxed by two of her female Samoan informants, who had merely joked about sexual escapades that they did not in fact have. Freeman's critique of Mead sparked intense debate and controversy in the discipline of anthropology, as well as in the general public. Many of Freeman's critics argued that he misrepresented Mead's views and ignored changes in Samoan society that had taken place in the period between Mead's work in 1925-1926 and his own from 1941 to 1943, including an increasing influence of Christianity. Several Samoan scholars who had been discontented with Mead's depiction of them as happy and sexually liberated thought that Freeman erred in the opposite direction. But Freeman's arguments were embraced enthusiastically among scholars who argue for the existence of genetically-hardwired universal behaviors and prefer such fields as sociobiology and evolutionary psychology.The debate made Freeman a celebrity both inside and outside of anthropology, to an extent that in 1996 Freeman's life became the topic of the play Heretic written by Australian playwright David Williamson, which opened in the Sydney Opera House. The so-called Mead-Freeman controversy spanned three decades, and Freeman published his last rebuttal of a critique of his arguments only weeks before his death in 2001.ments only weeks before his death in 2001.
, ديريك فريمان (بالإنجليزية: Derek Freeman) هو عالم إنسان نيوزيلندي، ولد في 15 أغسطس 1916 في ويلينغتون في نيوزيلندا، وتوفي في 6 يوليو 2001 في كانبرا في أستراليا.
, Дерек Фриман (15 августа 1916 года, Веллин … Дерек Фриман (15 августа 1916 года, Веллингтон — 6 июля 2001 года, Канберра) — новозеландский антрополог. В 1983 году издал книгу «Маргарет Мид и Самоа: возведение и развенчание антропологического мифа» (Freeman, 1983), в которой подверг критике канонические и сенсационные (в свое время) исследования Маргарет Мид, посвященные сексуальности в традиционном обществе Самоа и приведенные в её работе 1928 года «Coming of Age in Samoa». Фриман опровергает многие утверждения Мид, однако его критика также подвергалась критике, так как породила раскол и дискуссию в научном сообществе.а раскол и дискуссию в научном сообществе.
, Derek Freeman (* 15. August 1916 in Wellin … Derek Freeman (* 15. August 1916 in Wellington, Neuseeland; † 6. Juli 2001 in Canberra, Australien) war ein neuseeländischer Anthropologe und ist durch seinen wissenschaftlichen Streit um die Forschungsergebnisse von Margaret Mead zum Sozialverhalten der Samoaner bekannt geworden.alverhalten der Samoaner bekannt geworden.
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Дерек Фриман (15 августа 1916 года, Веллин … Дерек Фриман (15 августа 1916 года, Веллингтон — 6 июля 2001 года, Канберра) — новозеландский антрополог. В 1983 году издал книгу «Маргарет Мид и Самоа: возведение и развенчание антропологического мифа» (Freeman, 1983), в которой подверг критике канонические и сенсационные (в свое время) исследования Маргарет Мид, посвященные сексуальности в традиционном обществе Самоа и приведенные в её работе 1928 года «Coming of Age in Samoa». Фриман опровергает многие утверждения Мид, однако его критика также подвергалась критике, так как породила раскол и дискуссию в научном сообществе.а раскол и дискуссию в научном сообществе.
, John Derek Freeman (15 August 1916 – 6 Jul … John Derek Freeman (15 August 1916 – 6 July 2001) was a New Zealand anthropologist known for of Margaret Mead's work on Samoan society, as described in her 1928 ethnography Coming of Age in Samoa. His attack "ignited controversy of a scale, visibility, and ferocity never before seen in anthropology."rocity never before seen in anthropology."
, ديريك فريمان (بالإنجليزية: Derek Freeman) هو عالم إنسان نيوزيلندي، ولد في 15 أغسطس 1916 في ويلينغتون في نيوزيلندا، وتوفي في 6 يوليو 2001 في كانبرا في أستراليا.
, Derek Freeman (* 15. August 1916 in Wellin … Derek Freeman (* 15. August 1916 in Wellington, Neuseeland; † 6. Juli 2001 in Canberra, Australien) war ein neuseeländischer Anthropologe und ist durch seinen wissenschaftlichen Streit um die Forschungsergebnisse von Margaret Mead zum Sozialverhalten der Samoaner bekannt geworden.alverhalten der Samoaner bekannt geworden.
, John Derek Freeman, né le 15 août 1916 à W … John Derek Freeman, né le 15 août 1916 à Wellington en Nouvelle-Zélande et mort le 16 juillet 2001 à Canberra en Australie, est un anthropologue néo-zélandais. Il est connu pour sa critique de l'ethnographie de Margaret Mead sur la société Samoa paru en 1928, Coming of Age in Samoa.amoa paru en 1928, Coming of Age in Samoa.
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