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http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract Кардиналистская (количественная) теория поКардиналистская (количественная) теория полезности — микроэкономическая теория, изучающая экономический анализ потребностей человека и предлагающая в качестве единицы измерения полезности блага условную единицу ютиль. Кардиналисты считали, что стоимость единицы блага должна сводиться к затратам труда и определяется степенью важности той потребности, которая удовлетворяется при помощи этой единицы. Позже было доказано, что измерить полезность невозможно, так как та является субъективным показателем, и в соответствии с этим возникла альтернативная ординалистская теория полезности, субъективная полезность блага при этом определяется редкостью товара и степенью приносимого насыщения и не сводится к затратам труда. Но при этом кардиналисты использовали в своих исследованиях основные постулаты Германа Генриха Госсена, которые гласили, что рациональный потребитель будет наращивать потребление до тех пор, пока предельная полезность одного блага будет равна предельной полезности другого блага. В своё время это правило поведения потребителя было сформулировано Госсеном и получило название второго закона Госсена. Ныне закон можно сформулировать следующим образом: чтобы получить максимум полезности, потребитель, обладающий ограниченными ресурсами, должен потреблять каждого блага столько, сколько необходимо для выравнивания предельных полезностей на единицу стоимости по каждому благу. Математически правило потребительского равновесия выражается равенством МU1/P1 = MU2/P2 = ... = MUn/Pn.равенством МU1/P1 = MU2/P2 = ... = MUn/Pn. , La théorie cardinale de l'utilité est la tLa théorie cardinale de l'utilité est la théorie selon laquelle l'on peut exprimer par une quantité l'utilité procurée par un montant de consommation donné, en outre c'est l'utilité ressentie. Cette hypothèse de mesurabilité suppose que l'on peut établir une hiérarchie entre les niveaux d'utilité : si l'utilité de est 100 et celle de est 300, ceci veut tout simplement dire que l'utilité de est trois fois supérieure à celle de . L', est l'unité proposée pour mesurer l'utilité.t l'unité proposée pour mesurer l'utilité. , In economics, a cardinal utility function In economics, a cardinal utility function or scale is a utility index that preserves preference orderings uniquely up to positive affine transformations. Two utility indices are related by an affine transformation if for the value of one index u, occurring at any quantity of the goods bundle being evaluated, the corresponding value of the other index v satisfies a relationship of the form , for fixed constants a and b. Thus the utility functions themselves are related by The two indices differ only with respect to scale and origin. Thus if one is concave, so is the other, in which case there is often said to be diminishing marginal utility. Thus the use of cardinal utility imposes the assumption that levels of absolute satisfaction exist, so that the magnitudes of increments to satisfaction can be compared across different situations. In consumer choice theory, ordinal utility with its weaker assumptions is preferred because results that are just as strong can be derived.ts that are just as strong can be derived. , 基数效用(英語:cardinal utility)是指像个人的体重或身高那样在 基數的意义上可以度量的效用(它意味着效用之间的差别,即边际效用,是有意义的)。与它相反,它只在序数的层面上才有意义。 ,
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http://dbpedia.org/property/author http://dbpedia.org/resource/Armen_Alchian + , Itzhak Gilboa , John Chipman
http://dbpedia.org/property/source The foundations of utility , Theory of decision under uncertainty , The meaning of utility measurement
http://dbpedia.org/property/text These terms, which seem to have been introThese terms, which seem to have been introduced by Hicks and Allen , bear scant if any relation to the mathematicians' concept of ordinal and cardinal numbers; rather they are euphemisms for the concepts of order-homomorphism to the real numbers and group-homomorphism to the real numbers.nd group-homomorphism to the real numbers. , It might have happened to you that you werIt might have happened to you that you were carrying a pile of papers, or clothes, and didn't notice that you dropped a few. The decrease in the total weight you were carrying was probably not large enough for you to notice. Two objects may be too close in terms of weight for us to notice the difference between them. This problem is common to perception in all our senses. If I ask whether two rods are of the same length or not, there are differences that will be too small for you to notice. The same would apply to your perception of sound , light, temperature, and so forth...ound , light, temperature, and so forth... , Can we assign a set of numbers to the varCan we assign a set of numbers to the various entities and predict that the entity with the largest assigned number will be chosen? If so, we could christen this measure "utility" and then assert that choices are made so as to maximize utility. It is an easy step to the statement that "you are maximizing your utility", which says no more than that your choice is predictable according to the size of some assigned numbers. For analytical convenience it is customary to postulate that an individual seeks to maximize something subject to some constraints. The thing -or numerical measure of the "thing"- which he seeks to maximize is called "utility". Whether or not utility is of some kind glow or warmth, or happiness, is here irrelevant; all that counts is that we can assign numbers to entities or conditions which a person can strive to realize. Then we say the individual seeks to maximize some function of those numbers. Unfortunately, the term "utility" has by now acquired so many connotations, that it is difficult to realize that for present purposes utility has no more meaning than this.ses utility has no more meaning than this.
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rdfs:comment Кардиналистская (количественная) теория поКардиналистская (количественная) теория полезности — микроэкономическая теория, изучающая экономический анализ потребностей человека и предлагающая в качестве единицы измерения полезности блага условную единицу ютиль. Кардиналисты считали, что стоимость единицы блага должна сводиться к затратам труда и определяется степенью важности той потребности, которая удовлетворяется при помощи этой единицы.я удовлетворяется при помощи этой единицы. , In economics, a cardinal utility function In economics, a cardinal utility function or scale is a utility index that preserves preference orderings uniquely up to positive affine transformations. Two utility indices are related by an affine transformation if for the value of one index u, occurring at any quantity of the goods bundle being evaluated, the corresponding value of the other index v satisfies a relationship of the form , for fixed constants a and b. Thus the utility functions themselves are related bytility functions themselves are related by , La théorie cardinale de l'utilité est la tLa théorie cardinale de l'utilité est la théorie selon laquelle l'on peut exprimer par une quantité l'utilité procurée par un montant de consommation donné, en outre c'est l'utilité ressentie. Cette hypothèse de mesurabilité suppose que l'on peut établir une hiérarchie entre les niveaux d'utilité : si l'utilité de est 100 et celle de est 300, ceci veut tout simplement dire que l'utilité de est trois fois supérieure à celle de . L', est l'unité proposée pour mesurer l'utilité.t l'unité proposée pour mesurer l'utilité. , 基数效用(英語:cardinal utility)是指像个人的体重或身高那样在 基數的意义上可以度量的效用(它意味着效用之间的差别,即边际效用,是有意义的)。与它相反,它只在序数的层面上才有意义。 ,
rdfs:label 基数效用 , Cardinal utility , Кардиналистская теория полезности , Théorie cardinale de l'utilité
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