| http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract
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Il teatro dell'Artico della seconda guerra … Il teatro dell'Artico della seconda guerra mondiale, parte del più vasto teatro scandinavo del secondo conflitto mondiale, vide contrapporsi da una parte le forze della Germania e della Finlandia (quest'ultima fino all'armistizio del 19 settembre 1944), e dall'altra le forze degli Alleati, e in particolar modo quelle di Regno Unito, Unione Sovietica, Norvegia e Stati Uniti d'America; le operazioni militari svoltesi al di sopra del circolo polare artico compresero attività terrestri, navali e aeree. Le operazioni terrestri videro, nell'aprile del 1940, le forze tedesche impossessarsi con un'operazione anfibia dell'importante porto norvegese di Narvik, affrontando poi con successo il contrattacco di un corpo di spedizione anglo-francese. Successivamente, a seguito dell'avvio dell'operazione Barbarossa nel giugno del 1941, truppe tedesche e finlandesi aprirono un fronte di guerra nel nord della Lapponia, puntando alla conquista dello strategico porto sovietico di Murmansk; dopo l'abbandono dell'alleanza con i tedeschi nel settembre del 1944, i finlandesi cooperarono coi sovietici per cacciare i reparti della Wehrmacht dalla Lapponia e dal nord della Norvegia. Contemporaneamente, unità speciali britanniche, appartenenti al corpo dei British Commandos, condussero una serie di incursioni contro le installazioni tedesche in Norvegia, mentre scontri minori e azioni su piccola scala finirono per interessare anche territori remoti come le isole Svalbard o la costa orientale della Groenlandia. A dispetto del clima ostile, le acque dell'Artico videro un'intensa attività aeronavale durante quasi tutto l'arco del conflitto: in particolare, la Kriegsmarine da un lato e la Royal Navy e le marine militari alleate (soprattutto la Flotta del Nord sovietica, la United States Navy e la Royal Canadian Navy) dall'altro, supportate dalle rispettive forze aeree, ingaggiarono una serrata lotta lungo la rotta tra l'Islanda e Murmansk, utilizzata dagli Alleati per far giungere in URSS massicci quantitativi di armi e materiale bellico ceduti ai sovietici nell'ambito degli accordi Lend-Lease; ripetute furono anche le incursioni dei gruppi navali e delle forze aeree anglo-statunitensi contro le basi navali tedesche nel nord della Norvegia, volte alla caccia e alla distruzione delle principali unità da battaglia della Kriegsmarine.ali unità da battaglia della Kriegsmarine.
, The Arctic Circle defining the "midnight s … The Arctic Circle defining the "midnight sun" encompasses the Atlantic Ocean from the northern edge of Iceland to the Bering Strait in the Pacific Ocean. Military activity in this area between 1939 and 1945 is often considered part of the Battle of the Atlantic or of the European Theatre of World War II. Pre-war navigation focused on fishing and the international ore-trade from Narvik and Petsamo. Soviet settlements along the coast and rivers of the Barents Sea and Kara Sea relied upon summer coastal shipping for supplies from railheads at Arkhangelsk and Murmansk. The Soviet Union extended the Northern Sea Route past the Taymyr Peninsula to the Bering Strait in 1935. The Winter War of 1939-1940 between Finland and the Soviet Union opened the northern flank of the eastern front of World War II. Arctic naval presence was initially dominated by the Soviet Northern Fleet of a few destroyers with larger numbers of submarines, minesweepers, and torpedo cutters supported by icebreakers. The success of the German invasion of Norway (April to June 1940) provided the Kriegsmarine with naval bases from which capital ships might challenge units of the British Royal Navy Home Fleet. Luftwaffe anti-shipping aircraft of Kampfgeschwader 26 (KG 26) and Kampfgeschwader 30 (KG 30) operated intermittently from Norwegian airfields, while Küstenfliegergruppen aircraft including Heinkel He 115s and Blohm & Voss BV 138s undertook routine reconnaissance. Following the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union which started on 22 June 1941, the Allies initiated a series of PQ and JW convoys to bring military supplies to the Soviet Union in formations of freighters screened by destroyers, corvettes and minesweepers. Escorting cruisers typically maneuvered outside the formations, while a larger covering force including battleships and aircraft carriers often steamed nearby to engage Kriegsmarine capital ships or to raid the German naval bases in Norway. The Soviet Union and Germany each deployed smaller coastal convoys: to maintain the flow of supplies to the Soviet Arctic coast, to transport strategic metal ores from Scandinavia to Germany, and to sustain troops on both sides of the northern flank of the eastern front. Soviet convoys hugged the coast to avoid ice, while German convoys used fjords to evade Royal Navy patrols. Both sides devoted continuing efforts to minelaying and minesweeping of these shallow, confined routes - vulnerable to mine warfare and to submarine ambushes. Minesweepers and submarine chasers typically screened German convoys, while Soviet convoys were often protected by minesweeping trawlers and torpedo cutters. A branch of the Pacific Route began carrying Lend-Lease goods through the Bering Strait to the Soviet Arctic coast in June 1942. The number of westbound cargo-ship voyages along this route comprised 23 in 1942, 32 in 1943, 34 in 1944 and 31 after Germany surrendered in May 1945. Total westbound tonnage through the Bering Strait was 452,393 - compare the 3,964,231 tons of North American wartime goods sent across the Atlantic to Soviet Arctic ports. A large portion of the Arctic route tonnage represented fuel for Siberian airfields on the Alaska-Siberia air route.airfields on the Alaska-Siberia air route.
, Walki na Oceanie Arktycznym – szereg starć i potyczek pomiędzy niemiecką Kriegsmarine a flotami wojennymi ZSRR oraz aliantów zachodnich stoczonych na obszarach podbiegunowych.
, 백야가 발생하는 해양과 대륙 지역을 정의하는 북극권은 아이슬란드부터 베링 해 … 백야가 발생하는 해양과 대륙 지역을 정의하는 북극권은 아이슬란드부터 베링 해협까지 넓게 분산되어 있다. 북극해 해상 작전은 제2차 세계 대전 당시 추축국과 연합국이 대서양 일대에서 벌인 작전으로, 대서양 전투 또는 유럽 전구의 일부로 분류된다. 전간기 동안 항해술은 어업에 중점을 두고 있었고, 나르비크와 을 연결하는 교역로에도 항해술이 발달했다. 바렌츠 해와 카라 해의 강과 해안 지역에는 소련의 정착촌이 자리잡고 있었고, 이들은 무르만스크와 아르한겔스크 지역의 철도를 통해 오는 보급품과 여름철 어업으로 생활을 보장받고 있었다. 소련 정부는 타이미르 반도를 지나 베링 해협으로 이어지는 북극 항로를 1935년 개발하는데 성공했다. 겨울 전쟁을 통해 동부 전선의 북쪽 전선이 시작되었다. 북극해의 해상 우위권은 쇄빙선의 지원 하에 잠수함, 소해정, 어뢰정 등을 보유한 북방함대가 장악하고 있었다. 그러나 노르웨이가 나치 독일에 의해 점령당하면서 독일 제국해군은 영국 해군의 와 맞서 싸울 수 있게 되었다. 루프트바페의 제26폭격대와 제30폭격대는 노르웨이의 비행장에서 작전을 수행하고 와 을 출격시켜 작전을 지원하였다. 독일의 침공에 맞서 소련을 지원하기 위해 영국, 미국을 비롯한 연합군은 제2차 세계 대전 당시 북극 수송함을 꾸렸고 소련에게 군사적 지원품을 제공하였다. 연합군은 코르벳, 순양함과 항공모함을 통해 독일군의 기함을 제거하거나 노르웨이의 군수 기지를 기습하기도 했다. 소련과 독일은 조그만 해안 수송선단을 꾸려 소련의 북극 해안이나 지정학적으로 중요한 물자를 수송하기도 하고 동부 전선의 북쪽 측면인 이 지역에서 군대를 유지하기도 했다. 소련 수송함은 얼음을 피하며 해안을 따라 이동했지만 독일 수송선단은 왕립 해군의 정찰을 피해 각종 장비를 이용했다. 양측 모두 기뢰 설치 및 제거를 위해 노력했고, 잠수함의 매복이나 기뢰에 약한 해양 수송로를 확인하고자 했다. 독일 수송선단은 M급 소해정에게 노출되는 경우가 많았지만 소련 수송선단은 소해정과 어뢰정 제거함으로부터 보호를 받았다. 를 통해 에 따른 물품들이 베링 해협에서 소련의 북극 해안을 따라 1942년 6월부터 수송되었다. 소련으로 향하는 선박은 1942년 23척이었으며 1943년에는 32척, 1944년 34척, 그리고 독일의 항복이 있던 1945년에는 31척이었다. 전체적으로 베링 해협을 통과한 선박 물품은 452,393톤이었지만 이는 북아메리카의 군수품 전체가 대서양에서 소련으로 건너간 3,964,231톤에 비하면 한참 못 미치는 수량이었다. 많은 양의 북극해 수송 물품을 나르는 수송선단은 시베리아의 항공기지에서 재보급을 받았다. 주요 항공로는 가 있었다.송선단은 시베리아의 항공기지에서 재보급을 받았다. 주요 항공로는 가 있었다.
, Кампанія в Арктиці — військова кампанія, с … Кампанія в Арктиці — військова кампанія, спочатку на Західноєвропейському, а з 1941 року — на Східноєвропейському театрі часів Другої світової війни, боротьба союзників по Антигітлерівській коаліції з Німеччиною та Фінляндією за комунікації і панування в Арктиці, а також прилеглих водах Атлантичного океану. Незважаючи на суворий клімат, бойові дії мали інтенсивний характер і відбувалися на суходолі, на морі та в повітрі протягом майже всього періоду конфлікту. Крігсмаріне з одного боку та Королівський ВМФ і союзні флоти (Північний флот Радянського Союзу, Військово-морські сили США та Королівський ВМФ Канади), з іншого боку, за підтримки відповідних угруповань повітряних сил вели запеклу боротьбу на лініях комунікацій між Ісландією та Мурманськом, по яких союзниками здійснювалося постачання величезної кількості озброєння та військового матеріалу до СРСР за ленд-лізом. Також мали місце неодноразові рейди англо-американських військово-морських груп та повітряних сил на німецькі військово-морські бази на півночі Норвегії, що мали за мету знищення основних бойових кораблів Крігсмаріне. Значного розмаху набули дії спеціальних підрозділів Великої Британії, зокрема британські командос, за підтримки норвезького Руху опору на території окупованого нацистами Королівства.риторії окупованого нацистами Королівства.
, Les Opérations navales dans l'océan Arctiq … Les Opérations navales dans l'océan Arctique consistèrent en une série d'affrontements et d'escarmouches entre la Kriegsmarine et les marines de l'URSS et des alliés occidentaux dans les régions polaires. L'activité militaire dans ce domaine entre 1939 et 1945 est souvent considérée comme faisant partie de la bataille de l'Atlantique ou du théâtre européen de la Seconde Guerre mondialetre européen de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
, Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o Oceano … Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o Oceano Ártico foi importante e amplamente utilizado para esforço de guerra, tanto por parte do Eixo, quanto por parte dos Aliados. O Círculo Polar Ártico, abrange o Oceano Atlântico desde o extremo norte da Islândia até o Estreito de Bering. A área é frequentemente considerada parte da Batalha do Atlântico ou do Teatro Europeu da Segunda Guerra Mundial. A navegação pré-guerra se concentrou na pesca e no comércio internacional de minério a partir de Narvik e Petsamo. Os assentamentos soviéticos ao longo da costa e dos rios do Mar de Barents e do Mar de Kara dependiam do transporte costeiro de verão para suprimentos de ferrovias em Arkhangelsk e Murmansk. A União Soviética estendeu a Rota do Mar do Norte, passando a Península de Taymyr até o Estreito de Bering, em 1935. A Guerra de Inverno abriu o flanco norte da frente oriental da Segunda Guerra Mundial . A presença naval soviética no Ártico foi inicialmente denominada Frota do Norte e era composta de alguns destróieres com maior número de submarinos, caçadores de minas e cortadores de torpedos suportados por um quebra-gelo. Com o sucesso da invasão alemã da Noruega, a Kriegsmarine agora pussía bases navais a partir das quais os navios alemães poderiam desafiar unidades da frota Marinha Real. As aeronaves da Luftwaffe, Kampfgeschwader 26 (KG 26) e Kampfgeschwader 30 (KG 30) operavam de forma ininterrupta a partir dos aeroportos da Noruega, enquanto o reconhecimento de rotina era realizado pelas aeronaves , incluindo Heinkel He 115s e Blohm & Voss BV 138s. Para apoiar a União Soviética contra a invasão alemã, os Aliados enviaram uma série de comboios PQ e JW trazendo suprimentos militares para a União Soviética. Os comboios eram guarnecidos por formações de cargueiros rastreados por destróieres, corvetas e caça-minas. Os cruzadores de escolta normalmente manobravam fora da formação, enquanto uma força de cobertura maior, incluindo navios de guerra e porta-aviões, costumava andar nas proximidades para envolver navios-capitânia de Kriegsmarine ou invadir suas bases norueguesas. A União Soviética e a Alemanha empregaram comboios costeiros menores para manter o fluxo de suprimentos para a costa ártica soviética, transportar minérios de metal estratégicos para a Alemanha e sustentar tropas em ambos os lados do flanco norte da frente oriental. Os comboios soviéticos circundavam a costa para evitar o gelo, enquanto comboios alemães usavam fiordes para fugir das patrulhas da Marinha Real. Ambos os lados dedicaram esforços contínuos à remoção de minas e a elaboração de emboscadas submarinas. Os comboios alemães eram tipicamente rastreados por caçadores de minas e caçadores de submarinos, enquanto os comboios soviéticos eram frequentemente protegidos por arrastões e cortadores de torpedos. Uma filial da começou a transportar mercadorias advindas pela lei Lend-Lease através do Estreito de Bering para a costa do Ártico soviético em junho de 1942. O número de viagens de navios de carga na direção oeste ao longo dessa rota foi de 23 em 1942, 32 em 1943, 34 em 1944 e 31 depois que a Alemanha se rendeu em 1945. A tonelagem total para oeste através do Estreito de Bering foi de 452.393 em comparação com 3 964 231 toneladas de mercadorias de guerra da América do Norte enviadas através do Atlântico aos portos do Ártico soviético. Uma grande parte da tonelagem da rota do Ártico era combustível para os aeródromos da Sibéria na rota aérea do Alasca-Sibéria.a Sibéria na rota aérea do Alasca-Sibéria.
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| http://dbpedia.org/ontology/combatant
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Germany
, Denmark
, Poland
, (until 1944)
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Allied victory
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https://archive.org/details/seabattlesinclos00grov +
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Walki na Oceanie Arktycznym – szereg starć i potyczek pomiędzy niemiecką Kriegsmarine a flotami wojennymi ZSRR oraz aliantów zachodnich stoczonych na obszarach podbiegunowych.
, Les Opérations navales dans l'océan Arctiq … Les Opérations navales dans l'océan Arctique consistèrent en une série d'affrontements et d'escarmouches entre la Kriegsmarine et les marines de l'URSS et des alliés occidentaux dans les régions polaires. L'activité militaire dans ce domaine entre 1939 et 1945 est souvent considérée comme faisant partie de la bataille de l'Atlantique ou du théâtre européen de la Seconde Guerre mondialetre européen de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
, The Arctic Circle defining the "midnight s … The Arctic Circle defining the "midnight sun" encompasses the Atlantic Ocean from the northern edge of Iceland to the Bering Strait in the Pacific Ocean. Military activity in this area between 1939 and 1945 is often considered part of the Battle of the Atlantic or of the European Theatre of World War II. Pre-war navigation focused on fishing and the international ore-trade from Narvik and Petsamo. Soviet settlements along the coast and rivers of the Barents Sea and Kara Sea relied upon summer coastal shipping for supplies from railheads at Arkhangelsk and Murmansk. The Soviet Union extended the Northern Sea Route past the Taymyr Peninsula to the Bering Strait in 1935.yr Peninsula to the Bering Strait in 1935.
, Il teatro dell'Artico della seconda guerra … Il teatro dell'Artico della seconda guerra mondiale, parte del più vasto teatro scandinavo del secondo conflitto mondiale, vide contrapporsi da una parte le forze della Germania e della Finlandia (quest'ultima fino all'armistizio del 19 settembre 1944), e dall'altra le forze degli Alleati, e in particolar modo quelle di Regno Unito, Unione Sovietica, Norvegia e Stati Uniti d'America; le operazioni militari svoltesi al di sopra del circolo polare artico compresero attività terrestri, navali e aeree.resero attività terrestri, navali e aeree.
, 백야가 발생하는 해양과 대륙 지역을 정의하는 북극권은 아이슬란드부터 베링 해 … 백야가 발생하는 해양과 대륙 지역을 정의하는 북극권은 아이슬란드부터 베링 해협까지 넓게 분산되어 있다. 북극해 해상 작전은 제2차 세계 대전 당시 추축국과 연합국이 대서양 일대에서 벌인 작전으로, 대서양 전투 또는 유럽 전구의 일부로 분류된다. 전간기 동안 항해술은 어업에 중점을 두고 있었고, 나르비크와 을 연결하는 교역로에도 항해술이 발달했다. 바렌츠 해와 카라 해의 강과 해안 지역에는 소련의 정착촌이 자리잡고 있었고, 이들은 무르만스크와 아르한겔스크 지역의 철도를 통해 오는 보급품과 여름철 어업으로 생활을 보장받고 있었다. 소련 정부는 타이미르 반도를 지나 베링 해협으로 이어지는 북극 항로를 1935년 개발하는데 성공했다.를 지나 베링 해협으로 이어지는 북극 항로를 1935년 개발하는데 성공했다.
, Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o Oceano … Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o Oceano Ártico foi importante e amplamente utilizado para esforço de guerra, tanto por parte do Eixo, quanto por parte dos Aliados. O Círculo Polar Ártico, abrange o Oceano Atlântico desde o extremo norte da Islândia até o Estreito de Bering. A área é frequentemente considerada parte da Batalha do Atlântico ou do Teatro Europeu da Segunda Guerra Mundial. A navegação pré-guerra se concentrou na pesca e no comércio internacional de minério a partir de Narvik e Petsamo. Os assentamentos soviéticos ao longo da costa e dos rios do Mar de Barents e do Mar de Kara dependiam do transporte costeiro de verão para suprimentos de ferrovias em Arkhangelsk e Murmansk. A União Soviética estendeu a Rota do Mar do Norte, passando a Península de Taymyr até o Estreito de Bea Península de Taymyr até o Estreito de Be
, Кампанія в Арктиці — військова кампанія, с … Кампанія в Арктиці — військова кампанія, спочатку на Західноєвропейському, а з 1941 року — на Східноєвропейському театрі часів Другої світової війни, боротьба союзників по Антигітлерівській коаліції з Німеччиною та Фінляндією за комунікації і панування в Арктиці, а також прилеглих водах Атлантичного океану.також прилеглих водах Атлантичного океану.
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Operações navais no Ártico durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial
, Teatro dell'Artico della seconda guerra mondiale
, 북극해 해상 작전 (제2차 세계 대전)
, Arctic naval operations of World War II
, Кампанія в Арктиці (1939—1945)
, Opérations navales dans l'Arctique durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
, Walki na Oceanie Arktycznym w II wojnie światowej
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