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Adelheid Luise "Adele" Spitzeder ([ˈaːdl̩h … Adelheid Luise "Adele" Spitzeder ([ˈaːdl̩haɪt ʔaˈdeːlə ˈʃpɪtˌtseːdɐ]; 9 February 1832 – 27 or 28 October 1895), also known by her stage name Adele Vio, was a German actress, folk singer, and con artist. Initially a promising young actress, Spitzeder became a well-known private banker in 19th-century Munich when her theatrical success dwindled. Running what was possibly the first recorded Ponzi scheme, she offered large returns on investments by continually using the money of new investors to pay back the previous ones. At the height of her success, contemporary sources considered her the wealthiest woman in Bavaria. Opening her bank in 1869, Spitzeder managed to fend off attempts to discredit her for a few years before authorities were able to bring her to trial in 1872. Because Ponzi schemes were not yet illegal, she was convicted instead of bad accounting and mishandling customers' money and sentenced to three years in prison. Her bank was closed and 32,000 people lost 38 million gulden, the equivalent of almost 400 million euros in 2017 money, causing a wave of suicides. Her personal fortune in art and cash was stripped from her. After her release from prison in 1876, Spitzeder lived off benefactors and unsuccessfully tried to act again in Altona and Berlin. She left Germany for Vienna but police there prevented her engagement, so she returned to Munich in 1878 to publish her memoir. She was arrested again in 1880 for attempting to open a new bank without having the necessary permits but later released without charges. Spitzeder performed as a folk singer, living off friends and benefactors, but she never left her criminal life completely behind her, resulting in further trials and periods of incarceration. She died of cardiac arrest on 27 or 28 October 1895 in Munich. Spitzeder never married, but it was noted that she carried on several lesbian relationships. Outwardly, she maintained the persona of a pious Christian woman who helped the poor, which aided the success of her business., which aided the success of her business.
, Adele Spitzeder (auch Adele Vio; * 9. Februar 1832 in Berlin als Adelheid Spitzeder; † 27. Oktober 1895 in München) war eine deutsche Schauspielerin, Betrügerin und Volkssängerin.
, Adelheid Luise «Adele» Spitzeder (Berlín, … Adelheid Luise «Adele» Spitzeder (Berlín, 9 de febrero de 1832-Múnich, 27 o 28 de octubre de 1895), también conocida por su nombre artístico Adele Vio, fue una actriz, cantante y estafadora alemana. Inicialmente una joven actriz prometedora, Spitzeder se convirtió en una conocida banquera privada en el siglo XIX en Múnich cuando su éxito teatral disminuyó. Ejecutando lo que posiblemente fue el primer esquema Ponzi registrado, ofreció grandes retornos de inversiones utilizando continuamente el dinero de nuevos inversores para pagar a los anteriores. En el apogeo de su éxito, fuentes contemporáneas la consideraban la mujer más rica de Baviera. Exteriormente, mantuvo la personalidad de una mujer cristiana piadosa que ayudó a los pobres, lo que ayudó al éxito de su negocio. Al abrir su banco en 1869, Spitzeder logró defenderse de los intentos de desacreditarla durante unos años antes de que las autoridades pudieran llevarla a juicio en 1872. Debido a que los esquemas Ponzi aún no eran ilegales, fue condenada en su lugar por mala contabilidad y mal manejo de dinero de clientes y condenada a tres años de prisión. Su banco fue cerrado y 32 000 personas perdieron 38 millones de gulden bávaros, el equivalente a casi 400 millones de euros en 2017, causando una ola de suicidios. Le quitaron su fortuna personal en arte y dinero en efectivo. Después de su liberación de la prisión en 1876, Spitzeder vivió de benefactores e intentó sin éxito actuar nuevamente en Hamburgo-Altona y Berlín. Se fue de Alemania a Viena, pero la policía allí le impidió realizar compromisos artísticos, por lo que regresó a Múnich en 1878 para publicar sus memorias. Fue arrestada nuevamente en 1880 por intentar abrir un nuevo banco sin tener los permisos necesarios, pero luego fue liberada sin cargos. Spitzeder actuó como cantante folklórica, viviendo de amigos y benefactores, pero nunca dejó su vida criminal completamente detrás de ella, lo que resultó en más juicios y períodos de encarcelamiento. Murió de un paro cardíaco el 27 o 28 de octubre de 1895 en Múnich.o el 27 o 28 de octubre de 1895 en Múnich.
, Adelheid Luise « Adele » Spitzeder ( [ˈaːd … Adelheid Luise « Adele » Spitzeder ( [ˈaːdl̩haɪt ʔaˈdeːlə ˈʃpɪtˌtseːdɐ]), née le 9 février 1832 à Berlin et morte le 27 ou 28 octobre 1895 à Munich, également connue sous son nom de scène Adele Vio, est une actrice, chanteuse folklorique et escroc allemande. D'abord jeune actrice prometteuse, elle devient une banquière privée bien connue à Munich au XIXe siècle lorsque son succès théâtral décline. En dirigeant ce qui est peut-être le premier système de Ponzi connu, elle offre d'importants retours sur investissements en utilisant continuellement l'argent de nouveaux investisseurs pour rembourser les précédents. Au sommet de son succès, des sources contemporaines la considèrent pour l'époque comme la femme la plus riche du royaume de Bavière. En ouvrant sa banque en 1869, Adele Spitzeder réussit à repousser les tentatives de la discréditer pendant quelques années avant que les autorités ne puissent la traduire en justice en 1872. Comme la pyramide de Ponzi n'est alors pas encore illégale, elle est condamnée à trois ans de prison au lieu d'être accusée de mauvaise comptabilité et de mauvaise gestion de l'argent des clients. Sa banque ferme et 32 000 personnes perdent 38 millions de florins, l'équivalent de près de 400 millions d'euros en 2017, provoquant une vague de suicides. Sa fortune personnelle en art et en argent lui est retirée. Après sa libération de prison en 1876, Adele Spitzeder vit de bienfaiteurs et tente en vain d'agir à nouveau à Altona et à Berlin. Elle quitte l'Allemagne pour Vienne, mais la police de cette ville l'empêche de s'engager, elle retourne donc à Munich en 1878 pour publier ses mémoires. Elle est de nouveau arrêtée en 1880 pour avoir tenté d'ouvrir une nouvelle banque sans avoir les autorisations nécessaires, mais elle est ensuite libérée sans inculpation. Adele Spitzeder se produit en tant que chanteuse folklorique, vivant de l'aide d'amis et de bienfaiteurs, mais elle ne rompt jamais complètement sa vie criminelle, ce qui entraîne de nouveaux procès et des périodes d'incarcération. Elle meurt d'un arrêt cardiaque le 27 ou le 28 octobre 1895 à Munich. Jamais mariée, il est noté qu'elle entretient plus d'une relation lesbienne. En apparence, elle conserve la personnalité d'une chrétienne pieuse qui aide les pauvres, ce qui contribue au succès de son entreprise.qui contribue au succès de son entreprise.
, Адельхайд Луиза «Аде́ль» Спитцедер (нем. A … Адельхайд Луиза «Аде́ль» Спитцедер (нем. Adelheid Luise Spitzeder, [ˈaːdl̩haɪt ʔaˈdeːlə ˈʃpɪtˌtseːdɐ]; 9 февраля 1832, Берлин — 27 октября 1895 или 28 октября 1895, Мюнхен), также известная под сценическим псевдонимом Адель Вио — немецкая актриса, фолкпевица, банкир и . После окончания карьеры актрисы, стала известным банкиром XIX века в Мюнхене. Считается одной из первых людей которые запустили финансовую пирамиду и считалась богатейшей женщиной в Баварии. После открытия своего банка в 1869 году, в 1872 году была привлечена к суду за некачественную бухгалтерию и нецелевое использования средств клиентов и получила трёхлетний тюремный срок. После выхода из тюрьмы жила на деньги благотворительных организаций и пыталась создать бизнес в Альтоне и Берлине. Покинула Германию и начала жить в Вене, вернувшись в Мюнхен начала писать мемуары. В 1880 году, была арестована за открытие банка без лицензии и была освобождена ввиду отсутствия доказательств. Никогда не была жената, но имела лесбийские отношения.ыла жената, но имела лесбийские отношения.
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Adelheid Luise Spitzeder
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Drawing of Spitzeder from the 1873 magazine Die Gartenlaube, based on a photograph
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--10-28
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Introducing the first Ponzi scheme
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Adele Spitzeder
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Singer, actress, private banker
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Adele Vio
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Alter Südfriedhof, Munich
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1856
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Adele Spitzeder
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Adelheid Luise "Adele" Spitzeder ([ˈaːdl̩h … Adelheid Luise "Adele" Spitzeder ([ˈaːdl̩haɪt ʔaˈdeːlə ˈʃpɪtˌtseːdɐ]; 9 February 1832 – 27 or 28 October 1895), also known by her stage name Adele Vio, was a German actress, folk singer, and con artist. Initially a promising young actress, Spitzeder became a well-known private banker in 19th-century Munich when her theatrical success dwindled. Running what was possibly the first recorded Ponzi scheme, she offered large returns on investments by continually using the money of new investors to pay back the previous ones. At the height of her success, contemporary sources considered her the wealthiest woman in Bavaria.dered her the wealthiest woman in Bavaria.
, Адельхайд Луиза «Аде́ль» Спитцедер (нем. A … Адельхайд Луиза «Аде́ль» Спитцедер (нем. Adelheid Luise Spitzeder, [ˈaːdl̩haɪt ʔaˈdeːlə ˈʃpɪtˌtseːdɐ]; 9 февраля 1832, Берлин — 27 октября 1895 или 28 октября 1895, Мюнхен), также известная под сценическим псевдонимом Адель Вио — немецкая актриса, фолкпевица, банкир и . После окончания карьеры актрисы, стала известным банкиром XIX века в Мюнхене. Считается одной из первых людей которые запустили финансовую пирамиду и считалась богатейшей женщиной в Баварии.и считалась богатейшей женщиной в Баварии.
, Adelheid Luise « Adele » Spitzeder ( [ˈaːd … Adelheid Luise « Adele » Spitzeder ( [ˈaːdl̩haɪt ʔaˈdeːlə ˈʃpɪtˌtseːdɐ]), née le 9 février 1832 à Berlin et morte le 27 ou 28 octobre 1895 à Munich, également connue sous son nom de scène Adele Vio, est une actrice, chanteuse folklorique et escroc allemande. D'abord jeune actrice prometteuse, elle devient une banquière privée bien connue à Munich au XIXe siècle lorsque son succès théâtral décline. En dirigeant ce qui est peut-être le premier système de Ponzi connu, elle offre d'importants retours sur investissements en utilisant continuellement l'argent de nouveaux investisseurs pour rembourser les précédents. Au sommet de son succès, des sources contemporaines la considèrent pour l'époque comme la femme la plus riche du royaume de Bavière.femme la plus riche du royaume de Bavière.
, Adelheid Luise «Adele» Spitzeder (Berlín, … Adelheid Luise «Adele» Spitzeder (Berlín, 9 de febrero de 1832-Múnich, 27 o 28 de octubre de 1895), también conocida por su nombre artístico Adele Vio, fue una actriz, cantante y estafadora alemana. Inicialmente una joven actriz prometedora, Spitzeder se convirtió en una conocida banquera privada en el siglo XIX en Múnich cuando su éxito teatral disminuyó. Ejecutando lo que posiblemente fue el primer esquema Ponzi registrado, ofreció grandes retornos de inversiones utilizando continuamente el dinero de nuevos inversores para pagar a los anteriores. En el apogeo de su éxito, fuentes contemporáneas la consideraban la mujer más rica de Baviera. Exteriormente, mantuvo la personalidad de una mujer cristiana piadosa que ayudó a los pobres, lo que ayudó al éxito de su negocio.bres, lo que ayudó al éxito de su negocio.
, Adele Spitzeder (auch Adele Vio; * 9. Februar 1832 in Berlin als Adelheid Spitzeder; † 27. Oktober 1895 in München) war eine deutsche Schauspielerin, Betrügerin und Volkssängerin.
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Adele Spitzeder
, Спитцедер, Адель
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